Olive Ann Oatman (1837 - March 20, 1903) was a woman from Illinois whose family was murdered in 1851, when she was fourteen, in Arizona today by an Native American tribe, possibly Tolkepaya (Yavapai Barat ); they arrested and enslaved him and his sister and then sold it to the Mohave people. After several years with Mohave, where his sister died of starvation, he returned to white society, five years after being taken away.
In later years, the story of Oatman was later retold with dramatic licenses in the media, in "memoirs" and speeches, novels, plays, movies and poetry. The story echoed in the media at that time and long afterward, in part because of the blue tattoos protruding from Oatman's face by Mohave. Much of what actually happened during his time with Native Americans is still unknown. : 146-151
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Born in the family of Roys and Mary Ann Oatman, Olive Oatman is one of seven brothers. He was raised in the Mormon religion.
In 1850, the Oatman family joined the train wagon led by James C. Brewster, a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), whose attacks, and disputes with, church leadership in Salt Lake City, Utah , has caused him to break relationships with Brigham Young followers in Utah and lead his followers - Brewsterites - to California, which he claims to be "the intended gathering place" for the Mormons.
The Brewsterite emigrants, numbering between 85 and 93, left Independence, Missouri on August 5, 1850. Dissension caused the group to disperse near Santa Fe in the New Mexico Territory with Brewster following the northern route. Roys Oatman and several other families chose the southern route through Socorro and Tucson. Near Socorro, Roys Oatman takes command of the party. They reached the New Mexico Region early in 1851 only to find the country and climate completely unfit for their purposes. Other wagons gradually leave the goal of reaching the estuary of the Colorado River.
The party had reached Maricopa Wells, when they were told that it was not just the path ahead that was barren and dangerous, but that the Native Americans in front were so hostile and that they would risk their lives if they went further. The other families decided to stay. The Oatmans, eventually traveling alone, were almost destroyed in what is known as the "Oatman Massacre" on the banks of the Gila River about 80-90 miles east of Yuma, in what is now Arizona.
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Oatman Massacre
Roy and Mary Oatman have seven children today, ranging in age from 17 to a year. On the fourth day they came out, they were approached by a group of Native Americans, asking for tobacco and food. At some point during the meeting, the Oatman family was attacked by the group, and all were killed except for Lorenzo, age 15 (who was brutally beaten and left to death), Olive, age 14, and Mary Ann, age 7, who were brought into slavery.
Lorenzo awakens to find his parents and family dead, but there is no sign of Mary Ann and Olive. He finally reached a settlement where he was treated. Three days later, Lorenzo, who had rejoined the emigrant train, returned to the body of his murdered family; "We buried the bodies of father, mother and baby in a common grave." The men had no way of digging the right graves on the rocky volcanic soil, so they gathered bodies together and formed a pyramid above them. It has been said that the remains were buried again several times and eventually moved to the river for reinterpretation by early Arizona colonizers Charles Poston.
Kidnapping and captivity
After the attack was over, Native Americans took some of the Oatman family's stuff along with the Oatman girls. Although Olive Oatman later identified his captors as Tonto Apaches, they were probably Tolkepayas (Western Yavapais) : 85 who lived in a village 8 miles southwest of Aguila, Arizona in the Harquahala Mountains. Upon arriving in the village, the girls were initially treated in a way that looked threatening, and Oatman later said he thought they would be killed. However, the girls were used as slaves, foraging, carrying water and firewood, and other menial tasks; they are often beaten and raped.
After a year, a group of Indians Mohave visited the village and switched two horses, vegetables, blankets, and other knickers to prisoners, after which the girls walked for days into a Mohave village along the Colorado River (in the middle- this afternoon is Needles, California). They were immediately taken by the family of a tribal leader (kohot) whose non-Mohave name was Espianola or Espanesay. The Mohave tribe was more prosperous than the group that held the girls, and the second wife of Espanesay, Aespaneo and her daughter, Topeka, paid attention to the well-being of the Oatman girls. Oatman expressed deep affection to these two women many times over the years after his arrest. : 93
Aespaneo arranged for Oatman girls to be given plots of land for planting. Are the Oatman girls really adopted into the family and the Mohave people are unknown. Oatman later claimed that he and Mary Ann were Mohave's prisoners and that he was afraid to leave. He did not try to contact a large group of white people who visited Mohaves during their joint period, : 102 and years later he went to meet with Mohave leader, Irataba, in New York City and talk with him then. : 176-177
The two Oatman girls were tattooed on their chins and arms according to tribal customs for those who were tribal members. Oatman later claimed (in Stratton's book and in his lecture) that he was tattooed to mark him as Mohave's slave, but this was inconsistent with the Mohave tradition in which such a mark was given only to their own people to ensure both would enter the land of the dead, and recognized as Mohaves by their ancestors. : 78
It has been claimed that there is a drought in the region, : 105 where the tribe is deprived of food supply and Olive's sister Mary Ann died of hunger around 1855-1856, at that age. ten or eleven.
Oatman then spoke with Mohaves, who treated him better than the treatment he received when he was first arrested. He most likely considers himself assimilated. He was given the name of the clan, Oach, and the nickname, Spantsa, Mohave said in connection with unquenchable lust or thirst. : 73-74, He stays with Mohave, choosing not to reveal himself to a white rail surveyor who spent nearly a week in Mohave Valley trading and socializing with the tribe in February 1854. : 88 Because he did not know that Lorenzo survived the massacre, he believes he has no immediate family, and Mohave raises it as their own.
Release
When Oatman was 19 years old, Francisco, an Indian Yuma emissary arrived in the village with a message from the authorities at Fort Yuma. Rumors state that a white girl lives with Mohaves and the postal commander asks him back (or to find out the reason why he did not choose to return). The Mohaves originally alienated Oatman and refused the request. Initially they denied that Oatman was white; others during the negotiations expressed their affection for Oatman, others feared vengeance from whites. Francisco, meanwhile, retired to other nearby Mohaves homes; Shortly thereafter, he made a second strong attempt to persuade Mohaves to part with Oatman. Trading items were included this time, including blankets and white horses, and he threatened that white people would destroy Mohaves if they did not release Oatman.
After several discussions, where Oatman this time was included, Mohaves decided to accept these terms, and he was escorted to Fort Yuma on a 20-day journey. Topeka (daughter of Espianola/Espanesay and Aespaneo) went on a journey with Oatman. Before entering the fort, Oatman was given a Western dress lent by an army officer's wife, as he wore a traditional Mohave skirt without cover over his waist. In the fort, Oatman is surrounded by cheers. : 111
Oatman childhood friend Susan Thompson, whom she befriends again at the moment, states a few years later that she believes Oatman "grieves" after her return, because she has married Mohave and gave birth to two sons. : 152,
Oatman himself, however, denied rumors during his life that he was married to Mohave or ever raped or sexually abused by Yavapai or Mohave. In Stratton's book, he states that "in honor of these savages, let it be said, they never offered me the most abusive harassment". His nickname, Spantsa ("rotten womb"), however, implies that he is sexually active, although historians argue that the name may have a different meaning. : 73-74
Within days of his arrival at the castle, Oatman found his brother Lorenzo alive and had searched for him and his sister. Their meetings made headlines throughout the West.
Next life
In 1857, a priest named Royal B. Stratton wrote a book about Oatman girls entitled Life between Indians . The book sold 30,000 copies, best-seller for that era. Royalties of the book finance the education of Oatman's college and his sister Lorenzo at the University of the Pacific. He went to the lecture circuitry to help promote the book.
In November 1865, Oatman married the John B. Fairchild breeder. Although it was reported that he died in a mental hospital in New York in 1877, he actually went to live with Fairchild in Sherman, Texas, where they adopted a baby girl, Mamie.
Death and inheritance
Olive Oatman Fairchild died of a heart attack on March 20, 1903, at the age of 65 years. She is buried at West Hill Cemetery in Sherman, Texas.
The town of Oatman, Arizona, a tourist-inspired ghost town of a nearby gambling town, is named in his honor.
In 1965, actress Shary Marshall played Oatman, with Tim McIntire as her brother, Lorenzo, and Ronald W. Reagan as Lieutenant Colonel Burke, in the episode "The Lawless Have Laws" from the Western syndication series Death Valley Days , hosted by Reagan towards the end of his acting career. In the storyline, Burke leads Lorenzo in search of his brother, whom he has not seen in five years since the Indian attack on their family. : 201
Eva's character depicted by Robin McLeavy in the AMC television series Hell on Wheels is very loosely based on Olive Oatman, but outside is captured by a group of Indians and has a distinctive blue chin tattoo, and grew up in Mormon there are very few the similarity between Eva's character and Olive Oatman's real life.
Novelist Elmore Leonard based a short story, "The Tonto Woman", to a white woman tattooed by Oatman way. : 203
In an episode of The Ghost Inside my Child series: The Wild West and Tribal Quest, a South American Baptist family claims that their daughter Olivia says she is the reincarnation of Olive Oatman.
References
Further reading
- Leo Banks, Stalwart Woman: An Unavoidable Frontier Story (ISBN: 0-916179-77-X)
- Brian McGinty, The Oatman Massacre: The Story of Desert Desertion and Survival (ISBN 0-8061-3667-7)
- Margot Mifflin, Blue Tattoos: The Life of Olive Oatman (ISBN: 978-0-8032-1148-3)
- "Oatman Cookbook, History and Ghost Stories" - Written by modern Oatman residents.
- Royal B. Stratton: Arrest of Oatman Girls: Become an Attractive Narrative of Life between Apache and Mohave Indians , 1857, archive.org.
True West Magazine. The March 2018 edition details the route to and the "first captivity camp"
External links
- Olive Oatman in the Search of the Mausoleum
- http://www.wikitree.com/genealogy/OATMAN
- The Blue Tattoo Quotes
- Movie: Lament Olive Oatman
- blue in the face - arizona highway
- Girl with a tattooed face: The story of the famous capture of Olive Oatman. by Chris Wild
- Olive Oatman by Benjamin F. Powelson (58 State St, Rochester, NY), ca. 1863
- tattooed mohave woman
- Signs of Transformation: Tribal Tattoos in California & amp; Southwest America by Lars Krutak
- Olive Oatman, closed tattoo
- Retrobituary: Olive Oatman, Pioneer Girl Being a Marked Woman - Mental Floss
- The Captivity of the Oatman Girls https://archive.org/details/captivityofoatma00strarich
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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