An outline , also called hierarchical outline , is a list that is structured to show a hierarchical relationship and is a type of tree structure. An outline is used to present the main points (in sentences) or topics (terms) of a given subject. Each item in the outline can be divided into additional sub-items. If the organizational level in an outline must be subdivided, it must have at least two subcategories, as suggested by the main style manual in the current usage. The outline can be used as a tool for the preparation of documents, or as a summary of the contents of documents or knowledge in all fields. This should not be confused with the general context of the term "outline", which is a summary or overview of the subject, presented orally or in written prose (eg, The Outline of History is not an outline of the type presented in below this). The outline described in this article is a list, and there are several varieties.
Sentence lines are tools for compiling documents, such as essays, papers, books, or even encyclopedias. This is the list used to set facts or points to be covered, and the order of their presentation, by section. Topics outline subject subtopics, arranged in levels, and while they can be used to plan a composition, they are most commonly used as summaries, such as in the table of contents or topic lists in college course syllabuses.
The outline is further distinguished by the index prefix used, or lack thereof. Many outlines include numeric or alphanumeric prefixes that precede each entry in the outline, to provide a specific path for each item, to help refer and discuss the listed entries. The alphanumeric outline uses letters and numbers alternately to identify the entry. The decimal outline uses only numbers as a prefix. An unfixed outline is called a "naked outline".
Special applications from the outline also exist. The reverse outline is a list of sentences or topics created from existing works, as a revision tool; this may indicate a gap in the scope of the document so they can be filled in, and may help rearrange the sentence or topic to improve the structure and workflow. An integrated outline is a composite tool for writing scholastic works, in which the sources, and author's notes from sources, are integrated into the outline to facilitate reference during the writing process.
Software programs designed to process outlines are called outliners.
Video Outline (list)
Tipe outline
Outlines are distinguished by style, prefix inclusion, and special purpose. There is also a handwritten outline (which is very limited in utility), and a digital outline, as contained in an outliner (which is much more useful).
With style
There are two main styles of outline: the outline of the sentence and the outline of the topic.
Sample application outline sample: Outline of human knowledge
PropÃÆ'Â|dia is the historical attempt of the EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica to present a hierarchical "Knowledge Outline" in a separate volume in the 15th edition of 1974. The Knowledge Outline is a project by Mortimer Adler. Propolis has three levels, 10 "Sections" at the top, 41 "Divisions" at the middle level and 167 "Sections" at the lower level, numbered, for example, "1. Material and Energy", "1.1 Atom", "1.1. 1. Structure and Property Atoms ".
By the prefix used
Features included in many outlines are prefix. Similar to the part number, the outline prefix is ​​a label (usually alphanumeric or numeric) placed at the beginning of the outline entry to assist in reference.
Outline of the bare
The bare outline includes no prefix.
The alphanumeric outline
The alphanumeric line includes a prefix at the start of each topic as a reference aid. The prefix is ​​in the form of Roman numerals for upper level, uppercase (in the language alphabet used) for the next level, Arabic numerals for the next level, and then lower case for the next level. For the next level, the order starts again. Each number or letter is followed by a period, and each item is capitalized, as in the following example:
Thesis statement : Internet e-mail and monitoring, as it is currently done, is a violation of the rights of employees in the workplace.
- I. Situation: Over 80% of companies currently monitor their employees.
- A. To prevent fraudulent activity, theft, and other workplace related offenses.
- B. To more efficiently monitor employee productivity.
- C. To prevent any legal obligations due to harassing or offensive communications.
- II. What is the right of employee privacy when it comes to electronic monitoring and supervision at work?
- A. American employees are basically without legal protection from superiors and bosses lurking.
- 1. No federal or state laws protect employees.
- 2. Employees can assert privacy protection for their own personal effects.
- B. Most managers believe that there is no right to privacy at work.
- 1. Workplace communication should be about work; the other is the misuse of company equipment and company time
- 2. Companies have the right to prevent abuse by monitoring employee communication
Some say Roman numerals "A-heads" (for "A-level headings"), capital letters, "B-heads", and so on. Some authors also prefer to include blank lines between A-head and B-heads, while keeping the B-heads and C-heads at the same time.
If more levels of outline are required, Roman numerals are below numbers and numbers and lowercase letters, sometimes single and double brackets can be used, although the exact sequence is not well defined, and their usage varies greatly.
The schemes recommended by the MLA Handbook , and Purdue Online Writing Lab , among others, use the usual five levels, as described above, then repeat the Arabic numbers and lower case letters surrounded by parentheses (round brackets) Ã, - IA 1. a. I. (1) (a) Ã, - and does not specify a lower level, although "(i)" is usually next. In common practice, lower levels are usually Arabic and lower case, and sometimes lower Roman cases, with single parentheses - 1) a) i) - but the usage varies. MLA styles are sometimes mistakenly referred to as APA styles, but APA Publication Manual does not discuss the outline format at all.
The very different styles recommended by the Chicago Style Manual , based on the practice of the United States Congress in drafting legislation, suggest the following sequence, from top to seventh (just set): IA 1. a ) (1) ( a ) i ) Ã, - Roman numerals of capital with periods, capital letters with periods, Arabic numerals with letters, lowercase letters single parenthesis, Arabic numerals with double parentheses, lowercase with double brackets, and small, oblique Roman numerals with single parentheses, although italics are not required). Due to their use in the US Code and other US law books, many US lawyers consequently use this framework format.
Another alternate scheme repeats five levels with one brackets for five seconds - I) A) 1) a) i) - and then again with double brackets for fifth five - (I) (A) (1) (a) (i).
Many style guides are cited in addition to the APA Publication Guide , including Stylebook AP , NYT Manual , Fowler, The Guardian Style, and Strunk & amp; White, strangely silent about this topic.
One of the side effects of using Roman numerals and capital letters in all of these outline styles is that in most letters, "I." can be an item at the top level (A-head) and second level (B-head). This is usually not a problem because lower level items are usually called hierarchically. For example, the third sub-item of the fourth sub-item of the second item is item II. D. 3. Thus, the ninth sub-item (item-I) of the first item (Roman-I) is item I. I., and only the top one is item I.
Decimal line
The format of the decimal has the advantage of showing how each item at each level corresponds to the whole, as shown in the following outline example:
Thesis statement : ---
- 1.0 Introduction
- 1.1 A brief history of Liz Claiborne
- 1.2 Enterprise environment
- 2.0 Career opportunities
- 2.1 Operations management
- 2.1.1 Traffic
- 2.1.2 International trade and corporate custom
- 2.1.3 Distribution
- 2.2 Product development
With a specific purpose
Specific types of outlines include outline upside and outline.
Inverted reversed
The reversed line is an outline created from an existing job. Reverse outlining is like reverse engineering of a document. Points or topics are taken from work, and arranged in the order of their presentation, with sections, in outline. Once completed, the outline can be filled and rearranged as a plan for a better version of the new document.
Outwardly integrated line
An integrated outline is a helpful step in the process of organizing and writing scientific papers (literature reviews, research papers, theses or dissertations). When completing an integrated outline contains relevant scientific sources (author's last name, year of publication, page number if quote) for each section in the outline. An integrated outline is generally prepared after scholars have collected, read and mastered the literature to be used in research papers. Shields and Rangarajan (2013) recommends that new graduates develop systems to do this. Part of the system must contain a systematic way of recording on scientific sources. These notes can then be tied to paper through an integrated outline. In this way, the scholars review all the literature before the writing begins.
An integrated outline can be a useful tool for people with authors' blocks because the contents of papers are compiled and identified before they are written. The structure and content are combined and the author can write small parts at a time. The process is less remarkable because it can be separated into manageable pieces. The first draft can be written using smaller time blocks.
Handwriting vs. computerized
For comparison, see Outliners, below.
Maps Outline (list)
Apps
The outline is used for composition, summary, and as a development and storage medium.
Composition
Creative fiction and nonfiction writers, such as Jon Franklin, can use the outline to define the flow sequence, character development, and dramatic flow of stories, sometimes together with free writing.
Preparation outline is an intermediate step in the process of writing scientific research papers, literature review, thesis or dissertation. The special outline type (integrated outline) combines the scientific sources into the outline before writing begins.
Summarization
Besides being used as a composition tool during the drafting process, the outline can also be used as a publishing format. Outlines can be presented as a list of job contents, but they can also be used as workgroups. The Knowledge Outline of the 15th edition of Encyclopedia Britannica is an example of this. Wikipedia includes an outline that summarizes the subject (for example, see Outline of chess, Outline of Mars, and Outline of Knowledge).
Professors often submit to their students at the beginning of the term, a summary of the subjects to be covered throughout the course in the form of outline topics. This can also be included as part of a larger course synopsis.
The outline is also used to summarize the points of speech or speech.
Management of personal information
Outlines, especially those used in outliners, can be used for planning, scheduling, and recording.
Outliners
Outliner (or "outline processor") is a special type of word processor used to view, create, build, modify, and maintain an outline. This is a computer program, or part of one, used to display, organize, and edit hierarchically arranged text in a skeleton tree structure. Textual information is contained in discrete passages called "nodes", arranged according to their topic-subtopic (parent-child) relationships, such as members of the family tree. When loaded into the outliner, the outline can be collapsed or expanded to display as little or as many desired levels.
Outliner is used to store and retrieve textual information, with terms, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs attached to a tree. So rather than being governed by documents, information is organized by topic or content. Outliner outlines can contain as many topics as you want. This eliminates the need to have separate documents, since the outline is easy including other outlines simply by adding to the tree.
The main difference between handwritten and digital outlines is that the first is usually limited to a summary or blueprint of a planned document, while the latter can easily include all the contents of the entire document and more. In other words, as an outline handwriting is a writing tool, but on a computer it is a general purpose format supported by powerful development and display media capable of handling knowledge from its creation to its end-use.
Outliners can be used in content creation, not general word processors to capture, organize, edit, and display general textual knowledge or information. Outliners are ideal for managing lists, organizing facts and ideas, and for writing computer programs. They are also used for purpose and task management (including personal information management and project management), and for writing books and movie scripts.
The graphics partner for outliners is a mind map maker.
See also
- Abstract (summary)
- Concept maps
- Hierarchy
- Mind map
- Outline of knowledge
- Outliner (the software used to create an outline)
- Syllabus
- eSyllabus
- Topic Map
- Tree structure
Note
References
- Mary Ellen Guffey, "Organizing and Writing Business Messages," Business Communications: Processes and Products, p.Ã, 160-161.
- "Numbers: Lists and Outlines," Manual for Authors and Editors (Merriam-Webster, Incorporated: 1998), p.Ã, 103.
- White, Basil (1996) Develop Their Products and Their Rhetoric from a Single Hierarchical Model, 1996 Proceedings of the Society's Annual Conference for Technical Communications, 43, 223-224. [2]
- "Report Writing," Britannica Student Encyclopedia, EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica Online (Retrieved 5 January 2006)
- William E. Coles, Jr "Outline," World Book Online (Retrieved 5 January 2006)
- Ted Goranson About This Outliner Special "Outlining and Style"
- Jon Franklin "Writing for Stories", Penguin 1994.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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