A cross (from the Latin cruci fixus meaning "(one) remains on the cross") is the image of Jesus on the cross, which is different from the empty cross. Jesus' own representation on the cross is referred to in English as corpus (Latin for "body").
The cross is a major symbol for many groups of Christians, and one of the most common forms of Crucifixion in art. This is especially important in the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, but is also used in Orthodox, Oriental Orthodoxy, Assyrian, and Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as by many Lutheran and Anglican churches. This symbol is less common in other Protestant denominational churches, who prefer to use the cross without the figure of Jesus ( corpus ). The cross emphasizes Jesus' sacrifice - his death by crucifixion, which Christians believe brings to the redemption of mankind. Most of the crosses depict Jesus on the Latin cross, not another form, such as the Tau's cross or the Coptic cross.
The Western Cross usually has a three dimensional corpus , but in Eastern Orthodox the body of Jesus is usually painted on a cross, or with a low relief. In fact, to be a cross, the cross must be three dimensional, but this distinction is not always observed. The whole painting of Jesus' Crucifixion includes the landscape of the landscape and other characters not the cross.
The big crosses that towered in the center of the shaft of a church are known as Old English. In the late Middle Ages, this was an almost universal feature of the Western churches, but it is now very rare. Modern Roman Catholic churches often have crosses on the altar on the wall; for the celebration of Mass, the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church requires that, "on or near the altar there must be a cross with the figure of Christ crucified".
Video Crucifix
Description
The standard four-point Latin cross consists of erect poles or stipes and a single cross whose arms are nailed. There may also be a short projection board that shows INRI (Greek: INBI). The Russian Orthodox cross usually has an additional third bar, where the feet are nailed, and the ones are tilted upward against the thief repenting Santo Dismas (to the left of viewers) and downward to a thieves who do not gestas Gestas (to the right of viewers). Eastern Cross corps is usually a two-dimensional or low-aid icon that shows that Jesus is dead, his face is peaceful and gloomy. They are rarely three-dimensional figures as in Western tradition, although these can be found where strong Western influences, but more often icons painted on a piece of wood to enter a double-barred cross and perhaps the edge of Christ's hips and halo, and without background. More small crosses in metal reliefs are also used in Orthodoxy (see gallery examples), including cross and cross blessings.
The Western Cross may show Christ dead or alive, the presence of a spear wound in his ribs has traditionally shown that he has died. In many cases, his face very often shows his suffering. In Orthodoxy he has usually been shown dead since about the end of the Byzantine Ionochrome period. The Eastern Cross has both feet of Jesus nailed side by side, rather than crossed over each other, just as the Western cross has shown it since about the 13th century. The crown of thorns is also generally absent in the Eastern Cross, because the emphasis is not on the suffering of Christ, but on his victory over sin and death. The position of "S" of Jesus' body on the cross was Byzantine innovation from the late 10th century, although it was also found in the German Gero Cross on the same date. Perhaps more than Byzantine influence, it spread elsewhere in the West, especially to Italy, in the Roman period, though it was more common in paintings than carved crucifixes. It is in Italy that the emphasis is emphasized on the details of the suffering and realism of Jesus, during Christ's general human process favored by the Franciscan order. During the 13th century the suffering Italian model ( Christus patiens ) triumphed over the traditional Byzantine Christine gloriosus anywhere in Europe as well as works by artists such as Giunta Pisano and Cimabue. Because of the Renaissance, the form "S" is generally less prominent. The cross of the Christian blessings of the East often has the Crucifixion described on one side, and Resurrection on the other hand, illustrates the Orthodox theology's understanding that the Crucifixion and Resurrection are two closely related aspects of the same act of salvation.
Other, symbolic, depictions show Christ's triumph (Latin: Christus triumphans ), wearing robes, instead of being stripped as for his execution, with his hands raised, to rise from the cross, sometimes accompanied by "rays of light", or aureole that surrounds His body. He may be robbed as a prophet, crowned king, and held as a great High Priest.
On some crosses, skulls and crossbones appear beneath the corpus, referring to Golgotha ​​(Calvary), the place where Jesus was crucified, which the Gospel says in the Hebrew "place of the skull". The medieval tradition stated that it was the burial place of Adam and Eve, and that the cross of Christ was raised directly on Adam's skull, so many crosses produced in Catholic countries still show skulls and crossbones under the corpus.
The enormous cross has been built, the largest being the Cross in Woods in Michigan, with a 31 foot (9.4 m) statue.
Maps Crucifix
Usage
Prayer before the cross, seen as a sacrament, is often part of the devotion to Christians, especially those who worship in the church, as well as in person. The person can sit, stand, or kneel before the cross, sometimes see it in contemplation, or just in front of him with his head bowed or his eyes closed. During the Middle Ages small crosses, generally hanging on the wall, became normal in the personal cells or the first residence of monks, then all the priests, followed by the homes of the laity, spread down from the peaks of society because it became cheap enough. for the average person who can afford. Most cities have large crosses that are erected as monuments, or other temples at the intersection of the city. In the 19th century it featured a cross somewhere in the general reception area of ​​the house being typical of Catholic homes. The richer Catholics can buy rooms set aside for a chapel.
Roman Catholics (East and West), Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, Anglican and Lutheran Christians generally use the cross in general religious service. They believe that the use of the cross is consistent with Saint Paul's statement in the Bible, "We proclaim Christ crucified, a stumbling block to Jews and foolishness to the Gentiles, but to those who are called, both Jews and Greeks, Christ the power God and God's wisdom ".
On the cross of the Western altar and cross the procession began to become a cross in the 11th century, which became common around the 14th century, as they became cheaper. The Roman rite requires that "either on the altar or near it, there must be a cross, with the figure of Christ crucified on it, a cross visible to the assembled people, it is desirable that such a cross should remain near the altar even outside the liturgical celebration , thus reminding the mind to the faithful men who save God's Passion. "The requirements of the altar cross are also mentioned in the pre-1970 edition of the Roman Missal, though not in the original 1570 Roman Missale Pope Pius V. The Funeral Rite says that the Gospels, the Bible, or the cross (which will generally be in the shape of the cross) can be placed on the coffin for the Requiem Mass, but the second standing cross is not placed near the coffin if the altar cross can be easily seen from the church body.
The Eastern Christian liturgical procession called crucesi includes a cross or a cross on their head. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the cross is often placed above the iconostasis in the church. In the Russian Orthodox Church, a large cross ("Golgotha") is placed behind the Sacred Table (altar). During the Matins of Good Friday, a large cross was taken in the procession to the center of the church, where it was respected by the faithful. Sometimes the soma is removed and taken from the cross at Vespers that night during the gospel lesson describing the Descent from the Cross. The empty cross will probably remain in the center of the church until the Easter watch (local practice varies). The cross of blessings that priests use to bless those loyal to the dismissal will often have a cross on one side and the icon of the Resurrection of Jesus on the other side, the side with the Resurrection used on Sunday and during Easter, and the cross on another day.
Exorcist Gabriele Amorth has stated that the cross is one of the most effective ways to drive or oppose the devil. In folklore, it is believed to ward off vampires, incubi, succubi, and other crimes.
Modern iconoclasts have used the reverse (reversed) cross while showing contempt for Jesus Christ or the Catholic Church who believe in His deity. According to Christian tradition, St. Peter is martyred by being crossed upside down.
Controversy
Protestant Reform
The early Protestants generally rejected the use of the cross, and indeed the unadorned cross, along with other traditional religious images, as idolaters. Martin Luther did not object to them, and this was between his differences with Andreas Karlstadt as early as 1525. During the Reformation, Luther defended the cross in the Lutheran Church. Only when Lutheranism came under the influence of Calvinism in the United States that the cross was used. Calvin violently opposed the cross and the cross. In England, the Royal Chapels of Elizabeth I was most unusual among the local churches in defending the cross, following the Queen's conservative taste. It disappeared under his successor, James I, and their brief appearance in the early 1620s when James's heirs seeking Spanish marriage was the subject of hearsay and close observation by Catholics and Protestants; when the game falls, they disappear.
Modern
In 2005, a mother accused her daughter's school in Derby, England, discriminating against Christians after the teenager was suspended for refusing to remove the cross necklace.
British prisons ordered multi-religious chapels to remove all crosses, perhaps to avoid offending Muslims.
In 2008 in Spain, a local magistrate ordered the crucifixion removed from public schools to resolve a decade-old dispute over whether the cross should be displayed in public buildings in a non-recognition state.
A report by the Quebec government in 2008 recommended that the National Assembly's cross be eliminated to achieve greater pluralism, but the Liberal government was supported in its rejection by the consensus of most legislators.
On 18 March 2011, the European Court of Human Rights decided in the case of Lautsi v. Italy , that the requirement in Italian law that the cross displayed in the public school classrooms does not violate the European Convention on Human Rights. The general cross in most of the other official Italian buildings, including a court of law.
On March 24, 2011, the Peruvian Constitutional Court ruled that the presence of the cross in court did not violate the secular nature of the state.
Gallery
See also
- Cloisters Cross
- Christian symbolism
- Cross crosses
- Crucifixion
- Crucifixion in art
- The Crusade
- Lucca Sacred Face
- Jesus, King of the Jews
- Master of the Blue Crucifixes
- Papal ferula
- Pentagram
- Rood
- Rosary
References
External links
- Archeology of the Cross and Crucifix
- The Cross and the Cross in the Liturgy
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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