The United States Republican Platform is generally based on conservatism, in contrast to the modern liberalism of the Democratic Party. The major conflict within the party is between moderate conservatives, sometimes portrayed as the founders of the Republican Party, and members of Tea Party or Freedom Caucus, who have been described as populist, right-wing, or far-right. Republican conservatism involves support for free-market capitalism, free enterprise, business, strong national defense, deregulation, trade union restrictions, social-conservative policies, and traditional values, usually on a Christian basis. The party is generally divided on the issue of how to deal with illegal immigration.
In general, Republicans oppose abortion rights, funding for Planned Parenthood, Drugs, Affordability Treatment Act, Common Core, weapons control and Just Say No support and school choice. In the economic field, Republicans oppose the rise of minimum wages and land taxes, and support free markets and individual achievements. In the ward, Republicans have introduced environmental programs such as the Environmental Protection Agency and past cap-and-trade policies, but tend to oppose them today. The Republicans support clean air and water policies, but also support increasing fracking and reject scientific consensus on global warming and climate change. The Republican majority opposes same-sex marriage. It is worth noting that Republicans, like the Democratic Party, tend to favor supporting policies supported by party leaders regardless of ideology.
Video Political positions of the Republican Party
Economic policy
Republican leaders strongly believe that free markets and individual achievement are the main factors behind economic prosperity. To this end, they support the laissez-faire economy, fiscal conservatism, and eliminate government-run welfare programs for the benefit of private sector nonprofit organizations and encourage personal responsibility. Republican voters, however, do not hold this view consistently as their party leaders.
A leading economic theory advocated by the modern Republican is the supply-side economy. Some of the fiscal policies influenced by this theory are known as Reaganomics, a term popularized during the reign of Ronald Reagan. This theory suggests that reduced income tax rates increase GDP growth and thus generate more or more revenue for the government from smaller taxes on extra growth. This belief is reflected, in part, by the long-term advocacy of tax cuts by the party. Many Republicans consider the income tax system inherently inefficient and against tax rates that pass, which they believe are unfairly targeted to those who create jobs and wealth. They also believe private spending is usually more efficient than government spending. Republicans are against land tax.
Between the 19th and early 20th centuries, Republicans favor tariffs to protect and encourage American industry and industrial workers. In 1896, the GOP platform promised to "renew and emphasize our loyalty to the protection policy, as the bastion of American industrial independence, and the foundations of development and prosperity." This correct American policy levies foreign product taxes and encourages home industries, foreign goods, securing American markets for American producers, upholding American wage standards for American workers. "
Most Republicans agree that there should be a "safety net" to help the less fortunate; however, they tend to believe that the private sector is more effective in helping the poor than the government; as a result, Republicans support government grants to private charitable organizations (including faith-based organizations) to replace welfare expenditures. The Republicans also believe that restrictions on feasibility and benefits must exist to ensure that safety nets are not abused. The Republicans introduced and strongly supported the welfare reform of 1996, signed into law by Democrat President Bill Clinton and eligibility for welfare, successfully allowing many former welfare recipients to find employment.
The party opposes a government-run single payer healthcare system, claiming it is a socialized drug and supporting personal or employer-based insurance systems, complemented by Medicare for parents and Medicaid, which accounts for about 40% of the poor. Republicans have diverse records in favor of Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid. The Republican Congress and the Bush administration support to reduce Medicaid growth rates; however, members of the congressional Republican expanded Medicare, endorsing a new drug plan for seniors starting in 2006.
In 2011, the Republican Party widely voted on a proposal known as The Path to Prosperity and for major changes to Medicare, Medicaid and the 2010 health care law. Many Republicans support the increased portability of health insurance, a law that promotes coverage of medical conditions existing restrictions on malpractice lawsuits, the adoption of an efficient electronic medical record system, an emphasis on preventive care rather than emergency room maintenance, and tax benefits aimed at making health insurance more affordable for the uninsured and for promoting universal access. They are generally opposed to government funding for elective abortion.
Maps Political positions of the Republican Party
Unions
Since 1920 the Republic has generally opposed trade unions, which are a major component of the New Deal Democratic coalition. Although unions have lost membership in the private sector since the 1970s, they have gained among public sector unions (such as school teachers). Republicans at the state level generally support various labor rights laws that weaken unions. At the national level the Republican Party supports the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947, which gives workers the right not to participate in trade unions, as opposed to closed stores, which prohibit workers from not joining unions in the workplace. Most Republicans oppose a minimum wage increase, believing that such an increase is costing businesses by forcing them to slash jobs and services, export jobs abroad, and raise the price of goods to compensate for lower earnings. As Taylor Dark emphasized in his analysis of the eternal alliance between the unions and the Democrats, the "most evil opponents" of trade unions have moved to the Republican Party. "
The Republicans elected with Tea Party support in 2010, notably Governor Scott Walker of Wisconsin, have launched a major effort against public sector unions because part of the state government's pension obligations coincide with allegations that unions are too strong. Walker was challenged by a union and Democratic coalition, but repulsed a recall effort and was re-elected in 2014.
Power separation and power balance
Many supporters of the contemporary Republic voiced strict constructionism or textualism, the judicial philosophy that the Constitution should be interpreted narrowly and as closely as possible to the former as practicable rather than a more flexible "living Constitution" model. Most Republicans point to Roe v. Wade as a case of judicial activism, in which the court overturned most of the laws restricting abortion on the basis of the privacy rights concluded from the Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Some Republicans have actively sought to block judges whom they consider to be activist judges and have sought the appointment of judges who claim to exercise judicial control. The issue of judicial respect for the legislature is a matter of debate - like the Democrats, most Republicans criticize court decisions that invalidate their own (conservative) laws for overstepping and supporting decisions that overturn opposing legislation. Some commentators suggest that the Republicans take a more aggressive approach and support legislative supremacy more forcefully.
Republicans have supported draft laws in the last decade to remove some or all of the federal courts about being able to hear certain types of cases, in an attempt to limit legal review. The law of stripping of these jurisdictions includes removing federal reviews of equal-sex marriage recognition with the Marriage Protection Act, the Constitutionality of Pledge of Allegiance to the Pledge Protection Act, and the right of detainees at Guantanamo Bay in the Treatment of Prisoners Act. The Supreme Court rejected the latter of these restrictions at Hamdan v. Rumsfeld .
Compared to the Democratic Party, many Republicans believe in a stronger version of federalism with greater restrictions placed on federal authorities and a larger role is reserved for the people of each State. Following this view of federalism, the Republic often takes a less extensive reading of congressional powers under the Trade Clause, as in William Rehnquist's opinion in the United States v. Lopez . Many Republicans on the more libertarian wing's desire for narrowing the power of Trafficking Verse are more dramatic by reviewing, among other cases, Wickard v. Filburn , a case that states that growing wheat on a farm for consumption on the same farm falls under the congressional power to "regulate trade... among some States".
President George W. Bush is a supporter of the theory of the unity executive and quotes it in his signature statement of the law passed by Congress. The government's interpretation of the unity executive theory is called seriously questioned by Hamdan v. Rumsfeld , in which the Supreme Court ruled 5-3 that the President did not have the great power to override or disregard the law through his power. as commander-in-chief, declared "the Executive is bound to comply with the applicable Law Rules." Following the decision, the Bush administration requested Congressional authorization for programs initiated only on the executive mandate, as well as the Military Commission Act, or previously abandoned programs have affirmed the executive authority to impose, as in the case of the domestic National Security Agency. tapping program.
State rights
Ideologically, GOPs usually support smaller federal governments. Historically, this translates into maintaining power in the hands of powerful state governments, such as in cases of civil rights, abortion laws, marriage rules, and mapping of polling districts. However, conservatives in recent years have demanded federal intervention to oppose state legislation in relation to the Federal Marriage Amendment, Terri Schiavo case, Kelo case of leading domains, and in cases involving the law of suicide assisted and medical marijuana.
To some extent, this depends on the faction in question. For example, conservative paleoconservative and social factions would be much more inclined to support federal drug regulation that outperforms state rights, while libertarian factions would be more inclined to see such power move into the state or even further.
Environmental policy
Historically, more progressive leaders within the Republican Party supported environmental protection. For example, Republican President Theodore Roosevelt was a leading conservationist whose policy ultimately led to the creation of the modern National Park Service. President of the Republic Richard Nixon was responsible for establishing the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970.
In 2006, Arnold Schwarzenegger, then Governor of the Republic of California, signed a law on a series of carbon emissions regulations that are the country's first stamp on greenhouse gases, and include higher vehicle emissions standards than the Federal Government. These regulations were opposed by the Bush administration. President George W. Bush has publicly opposed the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol on the ground that they unfairly target Western industrialized nations such as the United States while supporting major polluters such as China and India.
In 2000, Republicans were adopted as part of a platform support for the development of market-based solutions to environmental problems. According to the platform, "economic prosperity and environmental protection must go together, environmental regulations must be based on science, the government's role should be to provide market-based incentives to develop technologies to meet environmental standards, we must ensure that environmental policies meet locality needs, and environmental policies should focus on achieving the results process. "
The Bush administration, along with several candidates seeking Republican presidential nominations in 2008, supports increased Federal investments in the development of clean alternative fuels, increased nuclear power, and fuels such as ethanol, as a way of helping the United States. achieving energy independence, as opposed to supporting the use of fewer carbon dioxide-generating methods to generate energy. Republicans reject cap-and-trade policies. Some Republicans support increasing oil drilling in protected areas such as the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, a position that has attracted sharp criticism from some activists. Republicans are deeply divided over human causes of climate change and global warming. Since 2008, many Republicans have been criticized for anti-environmentalism and promoting climate change denials in opposition to general scientific consensus, making them unique even among conservative parties around the world.
Green conservatism manifests itself as a movement in groups like ConservAmerica, which seeks to reinforce the Republicans' stance on environmental issues and supports efforts to conserve natural resources and protect human health and the environment.
Social policy
The Republican Party is generally associated with conservative social policies, although it has differences of opinion between centrist and libertarian fractions. Social conservatives want laws that uphold their traditional values, such as opposing same-sex marriage, abortion, and marijuana. Most conservative Republicans are also opposed to weapons control, affirmative action, and illegal immigration.
Abortion and embryonic stem cell research
The majority of national and party candidates are pro-life and are opposed to elective abortion on religious or moral grounds. However, many hold exceptions in cases of incest, rape, or the life of the mother at risk. When Congress voted on the Partial-Birth Act of Ban Abortion in 2003, the Republican Congress voted strongly in support of the ban.
Although Republicans have opted to increase government funding in scientific research, some members actively oppose federal funding of embryonic stem cell research beyond the original line as it involves the destruction of human embryos, while arguing for applying research money into adult or amniotic stem cells. stem cell research. The stem cell problem has collected two vetoes on a research funding bill from President Bush, which says the study "crosses moral borders".
The text of the 2012 party platform specifically states that "the unborn child has a fundamental individual right to life that can not be broken." It also opposes the use of public revenues to promote abortion, to do so, or to fund organizations that do such things.
Not all Republicans support restrictions on abortion and amendments to human life. Although pro-life planks have been part of the party platform since 1976, before 1988 there was little difference between Republicans and other voters regarding abortion, and by 2015, 40 percent of Republicans favor legal abortions. Regardless of their differences from the party platform, the pro-choice Republican Party is unlikely to change the party. Pro-choice ideology has been present in the Republican Party since before the decision of Roe v. Wade in 1973, and the pro-choice ideology still exists today.
According to some pro-choice Republican groups, Republican confidence in government and limited individualism must include social issues, such as the right of abortion. Research shows that Republican supporters of pro-choice organizations are motivated by libertarianism. Pro-choice organizational supporters may have a less conservative view of abortion, but tend to have a relatively conservative view on other political issues.
Ideology of choice and support for abortion rights ranges. The 1992 US National Election Study asked respondents about their support for abortion legal rights. Respondents believe that abortion is permissible only in cases of rape, incest, and to save a mother's life, abortion should be allowed if there is "a clear need", or that abortion should not be restricted in any way.
There are several organizations and Political Action Committees that support selected republic candidates. The most prominent are the Republicans for Choice, the Republican Party for Choice, and the List of Desires. These organizations provide money, support, and training to candidates who support abortion rights. The Republic of Main Street Partnership has shown support for pro-choice laws.
The shift of the Republican party to a pro-life stance is a gradual change and is not caused by an election or event.
1970s and 1980s
Before and during the 1960s, most abortion laws only permit procedures when a woman's life is in danger. At this time many Republicans are less stringent for abortion laws. Between 1974 and 1978, research showed that political ideology had a very weak correlation with support for abortion rights. The correlation between identification of political parties and support for abortion rights is even weaker. Mary Louise Smith, chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1974 to 1977, was a pro-choice man. Judge Blackmun wrote the Supreme Court decision on Roe v. Wade. Blackmun is a conservative Judge appointed by President Nixon.
During his presidency, President Gerald R. Ford took a moderate conservative stance on abortion, although First Lady Betty Ford urged him to take a liberal stance on the issue. Ford believes that abortion should be allowed under certain circumstances and against human rights amendments to the Constitution. Ford later stated that he was pro-choice after he left office and Betty Ford backed the decision made by the court at Roe v. Wade .
The 1976 Republican Platform was the first to incorporate a pro-life attitude. It came in the same year when Hyde Amendment was passed.
Democrats and elite Republican parties and elected officials became more divided on the issue of abortion in the 1980s. It was not until after the Republican Party in Congress began to consistently vote against abortion in the 1980s polls showed the Republican opposition to abortion.
1990 to Now
Until 1988 there was a slight difference in pro-choice attitudes between Democrat and Republican voters.
During the 1992 election, President Bush and Vice President Quayle tended to downplay the importance of abortion during elections so they would not risk averse Republican voters who supported abortion rights. A large number of pro-choice republicans in the 1992 elections did not vote for President Bush because of his attitude about abortion. Most of these Republican selections choose Perot. While President Bush and Republicans took a pro-life stance in 1992, First Lady Barbara Bush stated that she believes abortion to be a "personal choice."
In an interview in 2001, First Lady Laura Bush stated that she believes Roe v. Wade can not be reversed and then states that an abortion should remain legal because he believes "it is important to people, for medical reasons and other reasons."
In 2005, the Stem Cell Research Improvement Act was passed by the congress with assistance from the Main Play Partnership of the Republic. However, President George W. Bush has vetoed this law in 2006.
After the 2012 election, Senator John McCain, a pro-life, advised his Republican colleagues to "leave the problem [abortion] alone." He cautioned not to go beyond proclaiming one's beliefs and pro-life actions to harm the Republican party with female voters and young voters.
In a 2015 poll, 6 out of 10 moderate Republicans believe that abortion should be legal in most or all instances.
Civil rights
Republicans generally oppose affirmative action for women and some minorities, often describing it as a 'quota system', and believe that it is not meritocratic and that it is socially counter-productive by simply encouraging further discrimination. Many Republicans support a racial-neutral acceptance policy in universities, but support with regard to the socioeconomic status of students.
Ownership of weapons
Republicans generally support the ownership of firearms and defy the laws governing weapons.
Drugs
Republicans have historically supported the War on Drugs, and opposed the legalization of any drug, believed they were immoral and wrong, and that the state should do its best to protect people from illegal drugs, and support Just Say No More recently , some prominent Republicans have advocated for the reduction and reform of mandatory drug penalties.
Education
Most Republicans support school choice through school charter and school vouchers for private schools; many are denouncing the performance of public school systems and teacher unions. The party has insisted on a larger system of accountability for public schools, most prominently in recent years with the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. Many Republicans, however, oppose the creation of the US Department of Education when it was originally created in 1979. The Party Republicans tend to oppose No Child Left Behind and Common Core State Standards.
LGBT issues
Republicans have traditionally opposed same-sex marriage and other LGBT rights.
Groups that advocate LGBT issues within the party include Log Cabin Republicans, Young Conservatives for Freedom to Marry, and College Republicans.
In the aftermath of the decision of the US Supreme Court at Obergefell v. Hodges ending a nationwide marriage ban, Republicans are divided whether to accept a verdict or to fight it with such measures. as a possible amendment to the Constitution. Individuals like 2016 Presidential candidates Ted Cruz and Scott Walker have supported an amendment to expand the government and ban back same-sex marriages, while other Republican figures such as Jeb Bush (also a presidential candidate 2016) disagree.
A poll of the Society for Religious Research in November/December 2013 found that Republicans were divided in their perception of their own party: 45% thought that the Republicans were friendly to LGBT people, while 41% thought the party was unfriendly to them.
The 1992 Republican presidential platform was the first to oppose same-sex marriage.
The May 2012 poll found that 37% of Republicans favor constitutional amendments that define marriage between a man and a woman. The November/December 2013 poll found that 63% of Republicans believe that same-sex marriages must be submitted to each state to decide.
Military services
The 1992 Republican platform adopted support for continuing to exclude homosexuals from the military as a matter of order and good discipline. Support for the exclusion of homosexuals from military service will remain on the Republican platform until the 2012 Republican platform, which removes the language from it.
A May 2012 United Technologies/National Journal Congressional Connection Poll found that only 41% of Republicans backed restored a ban on gays serving openly in the military.
Anti-discrimination law
The 1992 Republican Platform adopted the opposition to incorporate sexual preferences into anti-discrimination laws. The Republican 2000 Platform includes the statement: "We support the First Amendment right to freedom of association and unite with private organizations, such as the American Scouts, and support their positions." The 2004 Republican Platform removes both parts of the language from the platform and declares that the party supports anti-discrimination laws. Republican platforms 2008 and 2012 support anti-discrimination statues based on gender, race, age, religion, creed, disability, or national origin, but both platforms are silent on sexual orientation and gender identity.
The November/December 2013 Institute for Community Religion Research poll sponsored by the Ford Foundation found that 61% of Republicans favor laws that protect gays and lesbians against employment discrimination, with only 33% opposing the law. A 2007 Gallup poll showed 60% of Republicans supported the expansion of federal hate crime laws to include sexual orientation and gender identity, with only 30% opposing the law.
Foreign help
The 2012 Republican Platform opposes the Obama administration from trying to impose what it considers a "cultural agenda", including a "homosexual rights agenda" in other countries by restricting foreign aid. However, Republicans themselves also often advocate restricting foreign aid as a means of affirming the national security and immigration interests of the United States.
Civil Rights - United States citizen in Puerto Rico
The Republican 2016 Platform states: "We support the right of the citizens of the United States of Puerto Rico to be accepted to the Union as a sovereign state and we further recognize the historical significance of the 2012 local referendum in which 54 percent of the majority vote to end Puerto Rico's current status as territory The US and 61 percent voted for the state's status of choice for a sovereign nation- ship We support a federal-sponsored political status referendum authorized and funded by the Congress Act in 2014 to ensure the aspirations of the people of Puerto Rico After the state ballot is ratified , Congress must approve enabling actions on condition for the future of Puerto Rico as the 51st state of the Union.
Foreign national and defense policy
The Republicans supported Woodrow Wilson's call for America's entry into World War I in 1917, only complaining that he was too slow to go to war. The Republicans in 1919 opposed his call for entry into the League of Nations. The majority support the League with reservations; minorities who decline membership on any terms. The Republic sponsored the world's disarmament in 1920, and isolationism in the 1930s. Most Republicans staunchly opposed the intervention in World War II until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. However, in 1945, the internationalists became dominant in parties supporting Cold War policies such as the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and NATO.
Neoconservative
Many liberal liberal Democrats in the 1960s and 1970s who became disillusioned with the leftist movements of their party were often "neoconservatives" ("neocons"). Many became political figures during the five presidents under Reagan, and Bush. They played a major role in promoting and planning the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Vice-President Dick Cheney and Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, while not identifying themselves as neoconservatives, listened carefully to neoconservative advisers about foreign policy, especially Israeli defense, the promotion of democracy in The Middle East, and the accumulation of American military power to achieve this goal. Neocons point to a preference for unilateral American activism, along with skepticism about the United Nations. Neocons have little influence on the Obama White House, but neoconservatism remains a staple in Republican sheds.
Public opinion on foreign policy
In June 2014, Quinnipiac Poll asked Americans what foreign policy they liked:
Democrats voted for A over B by 65% ​​-32%; Republicans voted for A over B by 56% to 39%; Independent selects A over B by 67% to 29%.
Policy
As a result, some in the Republican Party support unilateralism on national security issues, believing in the ability and right of the United States to act without external support in terms of its national defense. In general, Republican thought on defense and international relations is strongly influenced by theories of neorealism and realism, characterizing inter-state conflict as a struggle between the faceless forces of the international structure, as opposed to the outcome of the ideas and actions of individual leaders. The influence of realist schools shows in the attitude of Evil Empire Reagan about Soviet Union and Axis of evil by George W. Bush.
Republicans gained victory in the 2002 and 2004 elections, with the War on Terror being one of the main issues in their favor. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, some have supported the neoconservative policies linked to the War on Terror, including the 2001 war in Afghanistan and the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
The doctrine of preemptive wars, wars to disarm and destroy potential military enemies based on speculation of future attacks rather than defending against actual attacks, have been advocated by prominent members of the Bush administration, but the war in Iraq has weakened this influence. doctrine within the Republican Party. Rudy Giuliani, the mayor of New York at the time of the September 11 terrorist attacks, and Republican presidential candidacy candidate in 2008, has expressed his support for the policy, saying the United States should keep itself "in attack" against terrorists.
The George W. Bush administration takes the position that the Geneva Conventions do not apply to unlawful fighters, saying they apply to soldiers serving in the army of nation states and not terrorist organizations like Al Qaeda. The Supreme Court rejected this position at Hamdan v. Rumsfeld , which states that the Geneva Conventions are legally binding and must be followed in the case of all enemy combatants. Prominent Republicans like John McCain, Mike Huckabee, Ted Cruz and Ron Paul strongly oppose the use of enhanced interrogation techniques, which they view as torture.
History
Other international policies
Canada
The Republican Party supports the construction of the Keystone Pipeline, which will connect the Athabasca oil sands in Canada with refineries in the United States. American and Canadian environmentalists strongly oppose the construction of the pipeline, although the Canadian government has been lobbying for it.
Israel
Republicans generally support a strong alliance with Israel and efforts to secure peace in the Middle East between Israel and its Arab neighbors.
Russian
The Republicans say that the United States should promote friendship not only between the United States and Russia, but also between Russia and its neighbors. The party argues that with Russia, the United States needs to show patience, consistency, and principled reliance on democratic forces. He also argued that Russia should stop pushing for the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. The party stressed the common interests of both countries, which include ending terrorism, combating nuclear proliferation, promoting bilateral trade. The Republican leader has been divided on how to respond to Russian military intervention in Ukraine and Syria, with some advocating a more hawkish approach, and others urging a more cautious and peaceful response.
Trading
The party, through former US ambassador John Bolton, has advocated reform at the United Nations to stop corruption as it did for the Oil for Food Program. Most Republicans are opposed to the Kyoto Protocol. The party promotes free trade agreements, particularly the North American Free Trade Agreement, the Dominican Republic Central American Free Trade Agreement and efforts to go further south to Brazil, Peru and Colombia, although some have a protectionist view of trade.
Immigration
The Republicans are divided on how to deal with illegal immigration between possible platforms for migrant workers and reducing citizenship guidance, and the first border enforcement approach. In general, supporters of pro-growth within the Republican Party support more immigration, and traditional or populist conservatives oppose it. In 2006, the White House supported and the Republican-led Senate passed a comprehensive immigration reform that would eventually allow millions of illegal immigrants to become citizens, but the House, also headed by Republicans, took the first-ever approach, and the bill failed to escape. the conference committee.
Lately, after the defeat in the 2012 presidential election, and given the low percentage of Latin Americans who voted for the Republic, some Republicans advocated a more friendly approach to immigrants. Former US Secretary of Commerce Carlos Gutierrez promotes the creation of SuperPAC for immigration reform.
Proposals calling for systematic US immigration system reforms so that people who come to the United States illegally have a pathway to obtain legal citizenship have attracted wide Republican support in several polls. For example, the Institute for Public Religion Research in late 2013 found that 60% of Republicans supported the path concept, compared to 63% of Americans overall.
See also
- The political position of the Democratic Party
- Republican History
- Republican faction
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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