Rolls-Royce Limited

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This article is about business between 1904 and 1987.

For current owners of the same business company, see Rolls-Royce Holdings for aero-engines etc. and Rolls-Royce Motor Cars. For other uses, see Rolls-Royce (disambiguation).

Rolls-Royce Limited has a British luxury car and aero engine manufacturing business founded in 1904 by Charles Stewart Rolls and Frederick Henry Royce. Rolls-Royce Limited was established on March 15, 1906 as a vehicle for their ownership of their Rolls-Royce business. Their business quickly developed a reputation for superior engineering quality and for producing the "best car in the world", establishing the presence of FH Royce. Rolls-Royce became the leading aero-engine piston manufacturer after it was built to build it by the First World War.

From 1940, Rolls-Royce participated in the development of a jet engine and built for itself, and retained, a superior position in aero engine development and manufacture for use in defense and civil aircraft.

In the late 1960s, Rolls-Royce Limited became paralyzed by mismanagement of its advanced RB211 jet engine and consequently cost overruns. In 1971, their financial collapse was handled with a sale, at a price that took several years to negotiate, from business to new government-owned company, Rolls-Royce (1971) Limited . Insolvent Rolls-Royce Limited is incorporated into liquidation. Everything that can be sold is sold, but more than 46 years later there are still assets left for sale.

Rolls-Royce (1971) Limited continues to trade and realize a surplus of assets purchased from previous companies. Its holdings at British Aircraft Corporation (BAC) were sold almost immediately, the now profitable but financially non-financed car division that was transferred in 1973 to a new subsidiary, Rolls-Royce Motors Holdings Limited, was sold to Vickers in 1980.

In 1977 Rolls-Royce (1971) Limited, granted the necessary approval, was renamed Rolls-Royce Limited. It remained nationalized until 1987 when, renamed Rolls-Royce plc, the government sold its shares to the public. Today he owns and operates Rolls-Royce's major business even though it is no longer listed on the stock market. Instead it has become a subsidiary of Rolls-Royce Holdings plc's registered parent company since 2003.

A marketing survey in 1987 showed that only Coca-Cola is more widely known than Rolls-Royce.

Video Rolls-Royce Limited

Motor Car

In 1884 Henry Royce started his electrical and mechanical business. He made his first car, Royce 10 cylinder, at his factory in Manchester in 1904. Henry Royce was introduced to Charles Rolls at Midland Hotel, Manchester on May 4 of that year. Rolls is the owner of an early motorcycle dealer, C.S.Rolls & amp; Co. at Fulham.

Despite his passion for three or four-cylinder cars, the Rolls was impressed with Royce 10, and in a further agreement on December 23, 1904 agreed to take all the cars Royce could make. There will be four models:

• 10Ã, hp (7.5Ã, kW), a two-cylinder model that sells for Ã, Â £ 395 (Ã, Â £ 40,000 in 2014),
• 15 hp (11 kW) three cylinders at Ã, Â £ 500 (Ã, Â £ 50,000 in 2014),
• 20 hp (15 kW) four-cylinder at Ã, Â £ 650 (Ã, Â £ 60,000 in 2014),
• a six-cylinder 30-hp (22-kW) model priced at Ã,  £ 890 (Ã, £ 90,000 in 2014),

All will be given a badge as Rolls-Royces, and sold exclusively by Rolls. The first Rolls-Royce, Rolls-Royce 10 hp, was unveiled at the Paris Salon in December 1904.

Rolls-Royce Limited was formed on March 15, 1906, at the time it was clear that a new building was needed for car production. After considering sites in Manchester, Coventry, Bradford and Leicester, it was an offer from the cheap electric Derby board that resulted in the decision to acquire a 12.7 hectare (51,000 m ² ) site on the city's southern edge. The new plant was mostly designed by Royce, and production began in early 1908, with an official opening on July 9, 1908 by Sir John Montagu. Investments in new companies require more capital to be raised, and on December 6, 1906 Ã, Â £ 100,000 of new shares are offered to the public. In 1907, Rolls-Royce bought the C.S. Rolls & amp; Co. (Non-motor car interests from Royce Ltd. continue to operate separately.)

Rolls-Royce 40/50

During 1906 Royce has developed a six-cylinder model that is enhanced with more power than the 30 hp Rolls-Royce. Originally designated as 40/50 hp, this is the first all-new model of Rolls-Royce. In March 1908 Claude Johnson, the Managing Director of Commercial and sometimes described as a hyphen in Rolls-Royce, succeeded in persuading Royce and other directors that Rolls-Royce had to concentrate exclusively on the new model, and all models previously completely discontinued.

The new 40/50 is responsible for the initial reputation of Rolls-Royce with over 6,000 built. The chassis was used as the basis for the first British armored car used in both world wars.

Rolls-Royce Eagle aero-engine

The manufacture of aero engines began in 1914 because the government requested them. Rolls-Royce's Eagle, the first example made in 1915, was the first machine that made non-stop trans-Atlantic crossing by plane when in June 1919, two Eagles powered converted Vickers Vimy aircraft on transatlantic flights of Alcock and Brown.

Springfield USA

In 1921 Rolls-Royce opened a new factory in Springfield, Massachusetts in the United States (to help meet demand) in which 1,701 "Springfield Ghosts" were built. The factory operates for 10 years, closed in 1931. The factory is located in the former American Wire Wire factory on Hendee Street, with administrative offices at 54 Waltham Ave. Springfield is the starting location for Duryea Motor Wagon Company, the location where the first American-made gasoline-powered vehicle was built. Their first chassis was completed in 1921. Body supplied by Rolls-Royce Custom Coachwork and by Brewster & amp; Co. in Long Island City, New York.

Rolls-Royce Twenty

After the First World War, Rolls-Royce managed to avoid attempts to encourage British car manufacturers to join. Faced with a 40/50 sale fall (later known as Silver Ghost), Rolls-Royce introduced the smaller and cheaper Twenty in 1922, effectively ending the one-model policy that followed 1908.

Rolls-Royce Phantom

After the introduction of Phantom in 1925, the old 40/50 model was called the Silver Ghost.

Bentley

In 1931 Rolls-Royce acquired Bentley, the maker of sports cars/small racing and potential rivals, after the last financial failed to overcome the Great Depression. Rolls-Royce halted production of a new large Bentley 8 Liter, which threatens their current Phantom sales, discarded the rest of Bentley's assets and merely used Bentley's name and reputation. After several years of development, Rolls-Royce produces a wide variety of middle-aged, highly civilized and civilized Bentleys as a "quiet sports car". They are very much in Rolls-Royce prints. From immediately after World War II to 2002 standards Bentley and Rolls-Royce cars are often very identical almost from radiator grilles and small details.

In 1933, the color of the Rolls-Royce radiator monogram changed from red to black because red sometimes clashed with the color of the coach chosen by the client, and not as a mark of respect for Royce's death as generally stated.

Crewe

The British government built a shadow factory at Crewe in 1938 for Rolls-Royce where they could build their Merlin and Griffon aero engines. In 1946 the automobile production was moved there for space to build the body and leave room for aero engines in Derby. The site was purchased from the government in 1973. Now Bentley Crewe

Second World War

In 1940 the contract was signed with the Packard Motor Car Company in Detroit, Michigan, for the production of the Merlin aero engine in the United States.

Production focused on aero engines but the Merlin engine variant, known as Meteor, was developed for Cromwell tanks. The development of Meteor was completed in 1943 the same team at Belper re-casting works on an eight-cylinder automobile engine extending its use and it became the pattern for various British Army B petrol engines for post war vehicles especially in the FV600 range of Alvis, Ferret Daimler, Humber's Hornet and Pig , and Champ Austin.

Maps Rolls-Royce Limited

Postwar Diversification

Motorcycle body

After the war, in 1946, the production of Rolls-Royce and Bentley cars moved to Crewe where they began assembling Bentley cars complete with body pressure made by Pressed Steel Company. Previously they just built the chassis, leaving the corpse for coach specialist coach. In 1939, Rolls-Royce brought one of the specialist workshops fully in-house by purchasing the remaining capital from Park Ward Limited which since 1936 with Rolls-Royce has built a brief production of all bodies of metal sedans on the chassis of Bentley.

In 1959 Rolls-Royce bought coachbuilder H J Mulliner and the two businesses were put together as H J Mulliner Park Ward.

Shrewsbury diesel engine

Luxury cars do not fit the new post-war mood. After beginning the design and development of what became the range of their C-series diesel engines in 1948, Rolls-Royce began producing diesel engines in 1951. In 1955, it provided diesel engines for automotive, rail, industrial, earth and marine use.

Sentinel (Shrewsbury) Limited was purchased in 1956. Sentinel manufactures industrial machinery and locomotives. Rolls-Royce took over the Shrewsbury Sentinel plant for the production of diesel engines and all of its diesel works were moved there.

West Riding diesel shunting locomotive manufacturer, Thomas Hill (Rotherham) Limited, was added to the group in 1963.

In 1973 when Shrewsbury activities were put under the umbrella of the new owner, Rolls-Royce Motors, the range of diesel engines included:

• C range: 4, 6 and 8 cylinders with a power output of 100 to 450 bhp. Used in sets of generators, compressors, etc., Construction equipment, railways, and other industrial uses as well as marine propulsion.
• Eagle: a modified version of a C-ranging 6-cylinder engine called Eagle is used on heavy vehicles, the output is 200 to 300 bhp.
• Reach D: Machine V with outputs from 400 to 750 bhp to generate sets, marine and rail applications.

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Aero Machine

In 1907, Charles Rolls, whose interest increased, tried unsuccessfully to persuade Royce and other directors to design aero engines. When World War I broke out in August 1914, Rolls-Royce (and many others) were shocked. As a luxury car manufacturer, Rolls-Royce was immediately vulnerable, and Claude Johnson thought the bank would withdraw its overdraft facility where Rolls-Royce relied on that time. Nevertheless, believing that the war might have short-lived directors initially decided not to seek government work making aero engines. However, this position was quickly reversed and Rolls-Royce was persuaded by the War Office to produce fifty air-cooled V8 engines under license from Renault. Meanwhile, Royal Aircraft Factory asked Rolls-Royce to design a new 200 hp (150 kW) engine. Despite the initial reluctance they agreed, and during 1915 developed the first aero Rolls-Royce engine, the twelve-cylinder Eagle. This was quickly followed by a smaller six-cylinder eagle, Falcon 190 hp (140 kW) and, just before the end of the war, the larger 675 hp (503 kW) Condor.

Throughout World War I, Rolls-Royce struggled to build the aero machine in the amount required by the War Office. However, with the exception of Brazilian Straker at Bristol Rolls-Royce resisted the pressure to grant production licenses to other manufacturers, fearing that the quality and reliability of the admired machine would risk being compromised. Instead the Derby plant was extended to allow Rolls-Royce to increase its own production rate. In the late 1920s, aero engines became the largest part of the Rolls-Royce business.

Henry Royce's last design was the aero Merlin machine, which was first flown in prototype in 1935, although he had died in 1933. It was developed from an R engine, which broke the Supermarine S.6B record of nearly 400 mph (640Ã , Km/h) at the 1931 Schneider Trophy. The Merlin is a powerful supercharged V12 engine and fitted to many World War II planes: British Hawker Hurricane, Supermarine Spitfire, de Havilland Mosquito (twin machine), Avro Lancaster (engine four) (development of Avro Manchester with Vulture Rolls-Royce engine that is not reliable), Vickers Wellington (twin engines); it also transformed the North American American P-51 Mustang into a competitor for the best fighters of its time, its engine engine Merlin built by Packard under license. More than 160,000 Merlin engines were produced, including over 30,000 by Ford Motor Company at Trafford Park, Manchester. During the war, most of the Rolls-Royce flight tests were conducted by Hucknall Aerodrome. The Merlin crossed into the use of military ground vehicles as a Meteor that lit Centurion tanks among others. Many Meteor engines use engine blocks and spare parts that fail to meet the requirements for high performance machines, but are suitable for use in 480Ã, 4W, 4W (640Ã, hp) derived Meteors.

Rolls-Royce came to jet turbines through asset exchanges with Rover and in the post-World War II period Rolls-Royce made significant advances in the design and manufacture of gas turbine engines. The Dart and Tyne turboprop engines are very important, allowing airlines to cut the time for shorter trips while jet aircraft are introduced in longer service. Darts are used in Armstrong Whitworth AW.660 Argosy, Avro 748, Fokker F27 Friendship, Handley Page Herald and Vickers Viscount aircraft, while stronger Tyne powered Breguet Atlantique, Transall C-160, Short Belfast, and Vickers Vanguard, and hovercraft SR.N4. Many of these turboprops still operate.

Among the jet engines this period was RB163 Spey, which moved Trident Hawker Siddeley, BAC One-Eleven, Grumman Gulfstream II, and Fokker F28 Fellowship.

During the late 1950s and 1960s there was a significant rationalization of all aspects of British aerospace and this included aero-machine manufacturers. In 1966 Rolls-Royce acquired Bristol Siddeley (resulting from the merger of Armstrong Siddeley and Bristol Aero Engines in 1959) and incorporated it as the Bristol Siddeley division. Bristol Siddeley, with its main factory at Filton, near Bristol, has a strong base in military machines, including Olympus, Viper, Pegasus (thrust vector) and Orpheus. They also produce Olympus 593 Mk610 for use in Concorde in collaboration with SNECMA. They also have a turbofan project with SNECMA.

Leavesden Aerodrome, Watford was originally owned by the Department of Defense and was used during World War II for the manufacture of Mosquito and Halifax aircraft. For several years, Rolls-Royce used the site for helicopter machine making until it closed in June 1993. The former Rolls-Royce factory at Watford is now known as Leavesden Film Studios and has produced world-renowned films, including the James Bond series , Star Wars and Harry Potter .

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RB211 - curator and nationalization 1971

Mergers and disappearances of the 1950s and 1960s left a small number of aircraft manufacturers based solely in several countries. Competition for very large contracts to supply their machines is growing intense. Expensive research and development are vital. The real advantage comes from maintenance contracts that may peak the entire human generation later. In the 1980s it was said that every generation of aero engines cost about 10 times that of its parent.

At the moment Rolls-Royce employs 80,000 people and it is the 14th largest company in the UK in terms of manpower. It is generally known that a recent problem arises requiring government support from the RB211 program as one result of tight financial competition with Pratt & Whitney and General Electric for the original RB211 contract.

In the new year of 1971 the financial problems caused by the development of a new RB211 turbofan engine designed and developed for the new Lockheed Aircraft Corporation L-1011 TriStar were led, after several government cash subsidies, for the Rolls-Royce recognition lacked the remaining resources. and volunteered to enter the curator of February 4, 1971.

It said there had been a fierce telephone conversation between US President Richard Nixon and British prime minister Edward Heath but was later denied. In response to questions about how the situation could arise, the chief executive suggested that in their calculations were guided by the success of their estimates in the launch of their Spey engine.

Had the government only nationalized the Rolls-Royce, it would have been unable to avoid Lockheed's obligations.

This situation is handled in the normal way with assets sold in cash, in this case to the government, leaving a large obligation to be handled by Rolls-Royce Limited using the funds realized by the sale. But the government will not fix the purchase price for assets until the situation becomes clearer because without sustainable businesses many of them may be worthless. Meanwhile, the government will use its assets to continue the industrial and marine gas turbine and industrial activities and small engine divisions essential to national defense, collective programs with other countries and many air forces and civilian airlines. A new company (1971) was established in May to purchase substantially all the businesses and assets of four Rolls-Royce divisions connected to the gas turbine engine. The original company, Rolls-Royce Limited, was placed in liquidation on October 4, 1971.

Asking their own government to support Lockheed warns that switching to Pratt & amp; Whitney or General Electric's machine will delay production for an additional six months and could force Lockheed into bankruptcy.

The recipients negotiate with Lockheed who agree to override the damage that allows the plant to close. Continuous support from trading creditors is also achieved by the recipient despite threats to demand full payment immediately and to withdraw supplies. The first asset sold is British Aircraft Corporation purchased by Vickers and GEC. The receiver floated Rolls-Royce Motors in 1973.

New board

The new owner, Rolls-Royce (1971) Limited, among his board members Lord Cole (former chairman of Unilever), Sir Arnold Weinstock (managing director of GEC), Hugh Conway (managing director of Rolls-Royce Gas Turbines), Stanley Hooker (Rolls-Royce Bristol), Sir William Cook (adviser to the Minister of Defense), Sir St. John Elstub (managing director of Imperial Metal Industries), and Sir Charles Elworthy (former Chief of Defense Staff).

Locksed and Locks-Royce take-off

The new plane with three RB211 engines left the United States for the first time and arrived in Paris on June 1, 1971. In Palmdale California, the L-1011 received its Federal Aviation Airworthiness certificate on April 14, 1972, nine months late. On that day the chairman of Lockeed said "... we know that in that aviation service (RB211) will prove itself as one of the leading power generation in aviation history".

The first aircraft was delivered to Eastern Air Lines on 5 April 1972 but has been beaten in a race for production by McDonnell Douglas DC-10.

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1973 Rolls-Royce Motors

Rolls-Royce Motors Limited was founded on April 25, 1971, two and a half months after Rolls-Royce fell to the curator. Under the ownership of the recipient, the company began trading in April 1971 producing motor cars, diesel and gasoline engines, coach work and other items previously made by Rolls-Royce and Mulliner Park Ward division and motorcycle divisions. It continues to take precision engineering work on subcontracting. In June 1971, the company acquired all the businesses and assets used by the Rolls-Royce and Mulliner Park Ward divisions of Rolls-Royce and diesel vehicles. The allowed use of Rolls-Royce Motors from various Rolls-Royce trademarks is aptly defined.

At the end of 1972, Rolls-Royce Motors employees in the United Kingdom numbered 5,855 in the car division and 2,311 in the Diesel division, totaling 8,166 people.

In May 1973, he was sold to Rolls-Royce Motors Holdings Limited in preparation for his public flotation.

Car Division

At that time the Car Division as well as making special cars and coaches did the job of investment casting and machining of aero engine components and producing piston engines for light aircraft along with other gasoline and multi-fuel engines. Both divisions do development work for HM Government.

The car division headquarters are on Pym's Lane and Minshull New Road, Crewe, a bespoke workshop fixed on Hythe Road and High Road Willesden London. Where the former Crewe shadow factory was bought from the Government today.

Diesel Division

Diesel Division makes several types of diesel engines in place at Whitchurch Road, Shrewsbury as well as combustion equipment for aero turbine engines.

Rolls-Royce Motors Products

• Motor Car
• Diesel engines
• Aero turbine engine components and aircraft piston engines especially for Rolls-Royce 1971
• Other machines and products:

B range 6 and 8-cylinder gasoline engine

K various multi-fuel engines

various transmissions for combat and other vehicles

diesel shunting lokomotives (Thomas Hill (Rotherham)

Flotation Rolls-Royce Motors Holdings

In the event the flotation meets with a disappointing public response and more than 80 percent of the issue is left to the hands of the underwriters.

Merger of Vickers Limited

On August 6, 1980, shareholder agreements for the merger of Rolls-Royce Motors Holdings and Vickers Limited became unconditional.

Perkins

Rolls-Royce diesel business was acquired from Vickers in 1984 by Perkins. Perkins developed a further Eagles Diesel Engine into the Perkins TX series of engines. <1976_Rolls-Royce_drops_.281971.29_from_its_name "> 1977 Rolls-Royce drops (1971) from its name

The name Rolls-Royce (1971) Limited was changed to Rolls-Royce Limited on December 31, 1977 at the end of the financial year of the company. The original Rolls-Royce Limited established in 1906 and still under liquidation has been renamed Rolls-Royce Realizations Limited and has approved in March 1977 to a 1971 company called Rolls-Royce Limited

Limited was replaced by plc (public limited company) in the summer of 1986 so that shares could be offered to the public and traded on sharemarkets.

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privatization 1987

In April 1987, the government offered to sell all shares of Rolls-Royce plc. The problem that many advertised is a tremendous success.

Rolls-Royce is a very long-term business. Before a civilian aero engine goes into its development service it can take 4 to 6 years, the military machine is often longer. Production may extend for another 50 years including the manufacture of parts needed long after the production of the finished machine.

Customer

According to the prospectus issued for the 1987 publication of shares to Rolls-Royce public members at the time was one of only three companies outside the USSR and China capable of designing developing and producing large gas turbine engines. At that time the engine was installed on a plane of more than 270 civilian carriers and was used by 110 armed services and 700 operators of executive and corporate aircraft.

In addition turbines use naval ships from 25 different countries. More than 175 industrial customers operate Rolls-Royce gas turbines for power generation, gas and oil pumping and other industrial purposes. The most important customer is the United Kingdom government. In the preceding five years, about 70 percent of production went outside the UK.

Competition

Rolls-Royce Competitors are GE and Pratt & amp; Whitney (UTC). The aero engine then only becomes part of GE and UTC activities as the main industry group.

Others include SNECMA, Turbomeca, MTU, Fiat Aviazione in Europe and Avco USA, Garrett, and General Motors Allison. In spite of it being a highly competitive field a number of smaller manufacturers are already working with GE or with other small manufacturers like Rolls-Royce.

Division and product

At that time Rolls-Royce was organized into five business groups:

1. ICEG Civil Aero - demand is governed by flight activity and profitability

• main engine in 1987:

RB211-524, 535 series;

IAE V2500 for Airbus A320, Rolls-Royce consortium 30%, Pratt & amp; Whitney 30%, JAEC 23%, 11% MTU and Fiat 6%

Tay, Spey's superfan development

• machines are out of production but generate significant demand for spare parts

Avon (1951), Conway (1960), Dart (1953), Olympus 593 (1976), RB211-22B (1972), Spey (1964), Tyne (1960)

2. MEG Military Aero - demand has stabilized recently and is very important for Rolls-Royce

• main engine in 1987:

RB199

Pegasus (with thrust vector for VTOL fighter)

Adour

Spey

Viper

• helicopter machine

Gnome

Gem

RTM322

EJ200

• missile engine

Odin

3. I & amp; M Industrial and Marine - gas turbine turbine aero derivative

4. Fix and Repair.

5. Nuclear - submarine steam enlargement equipment

along with the Service:

Supply

Company Engineering

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Products

Car

chassis special, no Rolls-Royce makes Rolls-Royce body up to Silver Dawn

• 1904-06 10Ã, hp
• 1905-05 15Ã, hp
• 1905-08 20Ã, hp
• 1905-06 30Ã, hp
• 1905-06 V-8
• 190/6 40/50 Silver Ghost
• 1922-29 Twenty
• 1925-29 40/50 Phantom
• 1929-36 20/25
• 1929-35 Phantom II
• 1936-38 25/30
• 1936-39 Phantom III
• 1938-39 Wraith
• 1946-59 Silver Wraith
• 1949-55 Silver Dawn with the first factory body using a panel pressed by the Press of Steel Company, Cowley
• 1950-56 Phantom IV
• 1955-65 Silver Cloud factory bodies use panels pressed by Pressed Steel Co.
• 1959-68 Phantom V
• 1965-80 Silver Shadow an integral monocoque body chassis fully built by Rolls-Royce
• 1968-92 Phantom VI
• 1971 - Rolls-Royce Corniche

Bentley Model (from 1933) - only chassis

• 1933-37 Bentley 3Ã,½Ã, L
• 1936-39 Bentley 4Ã,¼Ã, L
• 1939-41 Bentley Mark V

Planes

• Rolls-Royce Thrust Measure Rig
• Rolls-Royce Mustang Mk.X

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References

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Footnote

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External links

• "Lessons for Tomorrow from Old Rolls-Royce" 1973 Flights by Francis Rodwell Banks
• Combined Joint Combined Rolls-Royce Combined Collections, held at the Modern Records Center, University of Warwick

Source of the article : Wikipedia