Unidentified flying object

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An unidentified unidentified flying object or " UFO " is an object observed in the sky that is not easily identifiable. Most UFOs are then identified as conventional objects or phenomena. This term is widely used for observations claimed from spacecraft.

Video Unidentified flying object

Terminology

The term "UFO" (or "UFOB") was created in 1953 by the United States Air Force (USAF) to serve as an all-catcher for all such reports. In its original definition, the USAF states that "UFOB" is "any aerial object that by performance, aerodynamic characteristics, or unusual features, does not match the type of aircraft or missiles currently known, or which can not be positively identified as the familiar object. " As such, the term was initially limited to a fraction of cases that remained unidentified after investigation, as USAF was interested in potential national security reasons and/or "technical aspects" (see Air Force Regulation 200-2).

During the late 1940s and up to the 1950s, UFOs were often referred to popularly as "flying saucers" or "flying discs". The term UFO became more widespread during the 1950s, initially in technical literature, but later in popular use. UFOs garnered considerable interest during the Cold War, an era associated with high concern for national security, and, more recently, in 2010, for unexplained reasons. Nevertheless, various studies have concluded that the phenomenon does not represent a threat to national security, nor does it contain anything feasible for scientific pursuits (eg 1951 Flying Saucer Working Party, 1953 CIA Robertson Panel, Project Blue Project USAF, Condon Committee).

The Oxford English Dictionary defines UFOs as "Unknown flying objects; 'flying saucers'." The first book published to use the word was written by Donald E. Keyhoe.

The acronym "UFO" was created by Captain Edward J. Ruppelt, who heads the Project Blue Book, then the official UFO investigation of UFOs. He wrote, "Obviously the term 'flying saucer' is misleading when applied to objects of every possible form and performance.For this reason the military prefers a more general, if colorless, name: unidentified flying object UFO (pronounced Yoo- foe) In summary. " Other phrases used officially and which precede UFO acronyms include "flying flapjack", "flying discs", "unexplained flying disks", and "unidentifiable objects".

The phrase "flying saucer" has gained widespread attention after the summer of 1947. On June 24, a civilian pilot named Kenneth Arnold reported seeing nine flying objects in a formation near Mount Rainier. Arnold recorded the observation time and estimated disk speeds over 1,200 mph (1,931 km/h). At the time, he claimed that he described objects flying in a plate-like fashion, leading to a newspaper account of "flying saucers" and "flying discs".

In popular use, the term UFO is used to refer to claims of foreign spacecraft. and because of public ridicule and media-related topics, some ufologists and researchers prefer to use terms like "unidentified air phenomenon" (UAP) or "anomalous phenomena", as in the title of the National Aviation Reporting Center on Phenomena Anomalies (NARCAP). "Anomalous aerial vehicles" (AAV) or "unidentified aerial systems" (UAS) are also sometimes used in the context of military aviation to illustrate unidentified targets.

Maps Unidentified flying object

Study

Research has determined that most UFO observations are unidentified conventional objects or natural phenomena - most often airplanes, balloons, noctilucent clouds, nacreous clouds, or astronomical objects such as meteors or light planets with a small percentage even being a hoax. Between 5% and 20% of reported sightings are not described, and can therefore be classified as unidentified in the strictest sense. While proponents of the extraterrestrial hypothesis (ETH) suggest that this unexplained report is a foreign spacecraft, the null hypothesis can not be excluded that these reports are merely more temporary phenomena that can not be identified because of a lack of complete information or because required subjectivity. of the report.

Almost no scientific papers on UFOs have been published in peer-reviewed journals. There was, in the past, some debate in the scientific community about whether any scientific investigation into UFO sightings secured by a general conclusion is that the phenomenon was not worth a serious investigation except as a cultural artifact. UFOs have been the subject of investigations by various governments who have provided extensive records related to the subject. Many of the government-sponsored investigations that most ended after the agency concluded that there was no benefit for continued investigation.

The void left by the lack of institutional or scientific research has spawned independent researchers and marginalized groups, including the National Airborne Investigation Committee on the Air Phenomenon (NICAP) in the mid-20th century and, more recently, the UFO Mutual Network (MUFON) and the Study Center UFO (CUFOS). The term "Ufologi" is used to describe the collective efforts of those who study reports and evidence relating to unidentified flying objects.

UFOs have become a common theme in modern culture, and social phenomena have been the subject of academic research in sociology and psychology.

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Initial history

UFOs have been the subject of many years of investigation that vary greatly in scope and scientific rigor. Independent governments or academics in the United States, Canada, Britain, Japan, Peru, France, Belgium, Sweden, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, Mexico, Spain and the Soviet Union are known to have investigated UFO reports at various times.

Among the most notable government studies were the ghost rocket investigations by the Swedish military (1946-1947), Project Blue Book, formerly Project Sign and Project Grudge, conducted by the USAF from 1947 to 1969, the secret US Army/Air Force Project Twinkle. investigation of green fireballs (1948-1951), secret Project Report Blue Book ILUNAN No. 14 by the Battelle Memorial Institute, and the Brazilian Air Force in 1977 OperaÃÆ'§ÃÆ'§ Prato (Operating Dish). France has undertaken an ongoing investigation (GEPAN/SEPRA/GEIPAN) within the space agency The national center of dale spatiales (CNES) since 1977; the Uruguayan government has had a similar investigation since 1989.

Project Alerts

Project Signs in 1948 resulted in highly classified findings (see Situation Estimates) that the best UFO reports may have aerial explanation. A Swedish military secret on the opinion given to the USAF in 1948 stated that some of their analysts believed that the ghost rocket of 1946 and then the flying saucers had the origin of outer space. (For documents, see the ghost rocket.) In 1954, German rocket scientist Hermann Oberth revealed that an internal investigation of the West German government, which he had headed, had arrived at an extraterrestrial conclusion, but this research was never published.

Project Grudge

The Project Sign was dismantled and became Project Grudge at the end of 1948. Angered by the low quality of the investigation by Grudge, the Air Force Intelligence Director reorganized it as Project Blue Book in late 1951, placing Ruppelt in charge. The Blue Book was closed in 1970, using the Condon Committee's negative conclusions as an excuse, ending an official UFO Air Force investigation. However, a 1969 USAF document, known as the Bolender memo, along with later government documents, revealed that a non-public US UFO investigation continued after 1970. Bolender's memo first stated that "a report on unidentified flying objects that could affecting national security... not part of the Blue Book system, "indicates that more serious UFO incidents have been addressed outside the Blue Book public inquiry. The memo then added, "reports on UFOs that could affect national security will continue to be addressed through standard Air Force procedures designed for this purpose." In addition, in the late 1960s a chapter on UFOs in the Space Science course at the US Air Force Academy gave serious consideration to the possibility of extraterrestrial origin. When the word curriculum became public, the Air Force in 1970 issued a statement stating that the book was outdated and that the cadets were even informed of the negative conclusions of the Condon Report.

USAF Regulation 200-2

The Air Force Regulation 200-2, issued in 1953 and 1954, defines the Unidentified Flying Object ("UFOB") as "any aerial object based on performance, aerodynamic characteristics, or unusual features, incompatible with the type of aircraft or missiles that are currently known, or that can not be positively identified as known objects. "The regulation also said UFOB should be investigated as a" possible threat to US security "and" to determine the technical aspects involved. " The regulation then says that "it is permissible to inform news media representatives at UFOB when objects are positively identified as familiar objects," but added: "For unexplained objects, only the fact that ATIC [Air Technical Intelligence Center] will analyze decent data released, as many unknowns are involved. "

Project's splendid Project Blue Book

J. Allen Hynek, a trained astronomer who served as a scientific advisor to Project Blue Book, was initially skeptical of UFO reports, but came to the conclusion that many of them can not be explained satisfactorily and critically to what he describes as " arrogantly ignoring the Blue Book Project on the principles of scientific inquiry. " Leaving the government's job, he founded the privately-funded CUFOS, for whose work he devoted the rest of his life. Other private groups studying this phenomenon include MUFON, a grassroots organization whose investigative handbook is very detailed on the alleged documentation of UFO sightings.

Like Hynek, Jacques Vallée, a leading UFO scientist and researcher, has pointed to what he believes to be the scientific deficiency of most UFO research, including government research. He complains about mythology and cultism often associated with the phenomenon, but alleges that several hundred professional scientists - a group both he and Hynek have called "invisible colleges" - continue to study UFOs personally.

Scientific studies

The study of UFOs has received little support in mainstream scientific literature. The official study ended in the US in December 1969, following a statement by government scientist Edward Condon that further UFO studies can not be justified on the basis of scientific progress. The Condon report and its conclusions are supported by the National Academy of Scientists, where Condon is a member. On the other hand, a scientific review by the UFO subcommittee of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) disagrees with Condon's conclusion, noting that at least 30 percent of the cases studied remain unexplained and that scientific benefits can be obtained by further studies..

Critics argue that all UFO evidence is anecdotal and can be described as a prosaic natural phenomenon. Defenders of UFO research cons that knowledge of observational data, in addition to what is reported in popular media, is limited in the scientific community and further study is required.

No official government investigation has ever publicly concluded that UFOs are real physical objects, physical objects, extraterrestrials, or attention to national defense. These same negative conclusions have also been found in highly secretive studies over the years, such as the UK Civil Defense Party, Project Condign, Robertson Panel sponsored by the US CIA, US military investigations into green fireballs from 1948 to 1951, and studies Battelle Memorial Institute for USAF from 1952 to 1955 (Project Report Blue Book No. 14).

Several public government reports have acknowledged the possibility of physical reality of UFOs, but have ceased to propose extraterrestrial origin, though not excluding the full possibility. An example is the Belgian military investigation into the big triangle in their airspace from 1989-1991 and the conclusion of the 2009 Uruguay Air Force study (see below).

Some private studies have been neutral in their conclusions, but argue that unexplained core cases require further scientific study. Examples are the 1998 Sturrock panel study and the AIAA review of 1970 from the Condon Report.

United States

US investigations into UFOs include:

• The Interplanetary Phenomenon Unit (IPU), founded by the US Army in about 1940s, and about little is known. In 1987, British UFO researcher Timothy Good received from the Army's counter-intelligence director a letter confirming the existence of the IPU. The letter states that "the above-mentioned Army unit was dissolved during the late 1950s and never reactivated, all records relating to this unit were submitted to the US Air Force's Office of Special Investigations in connection with the BLUEBOOK operation." IPU records have not been released yet.
• Project Blue Book, formerly Project Sign and Project Grudge, was conducted by the USAF from 1947 to 1969
• US Army/Air Force Project, Twinkle Investigation into a green fireball (1948-1951)
• A ghost rocket investigation by Swedish, British, US, and Greek military (1946-1947)
• Confidential CIA Office of Scientific Investigation (OS/I) research (1952-53)
• CIA Secret Robertson Panel (1953)
• Secret of USAF Project Blue Report Special Report No. 14 by the Battelle Memorial Institute (1951-1954)
• The Brookings Report (1960), commissioned by NASA
• The public Condon Committee (1966-1968)
• Private RAND internal corporate studies (1968)
• Personal Sturrock panel (1998)
• The Secrets Aviation Advanced Identification Program funded from 2007 to 2012.

Thousands of documents released under the FOIA also show that many US intelligence agencies collect (and still collect) information about UFOs. These include the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), the FBI, the CIA, the National Security Agency (NSA), as well as the US Army and Navy military intelligence services, in addition to the Air Force.

The UFO investigation has also attracted many civilians, who in the US formed research groups such as NICAP (active 1956-1980), Aerial Phenomenon Research Organization (APRO) (active 1952-1988), MUFON (active 1969-), and CUFOS (active 1973 -).

In November 2011, the White House issued an official response to two petitions calling on the US government to officially recognize that aliens have visited the planet and to disclose any imposition of government interactions with extraterrestrials. According to the response, "The US government has no evidence that there is life beyond our planet, or that the existence of extraterrestrials has contacted or involves members of humanity." Also, according to the response, there is "no reliable information to show that any evidence is being hidden from the public eye." Further responses note that efforts, such as SETI and NASA Kepler the space telescope and the Mars Science Laboratory, continue to look for signs of life. The response noted "very high chances" that there might be life on other planets but "the possibility of us making contact with them - especially the smart ones - is very small, given the distance involved."

Post-1947 sightings

Following the massive US spike in sightings in June and early July 1947, on July 9, 1947, the United States Air Force (ASAF) intelligence, in collaboration with the FBI, initiated a formal investigation into selected sightings with imperfect characteristics. rationalized, like Kenneth Arnold. USAAF uses "all top scientists" to determine whether "such phenomena can, in fact, occur." This study "was carried out with the idea that flying objects may be a celestial phenomenon," or that "they may be foreign bodies that are mechanically designed and controlled." Three weeks later in the preliminary defense estimates, the air force investigation ruled that, "The 'flying saucer' situation is not all imaginary or too much seen in some natural phenomena.

A further review by the intelligence and technical divisions of the Air Material Command at Wright Field reached the same conclusion. It reports that "the phenomenon is something real and not visionary or fictitious," that there are objects in the form of discs, metals in appearance, and the size of a man-made aircraft. They are characterized by "extremes of climbing [and] maneuverability," general lack of sound, no trace, sometimes fly formation, and "avoidance behavior" when seen or contacted by plane and radar friendly, "suggesting a controlled craft It was therefore recommended at the end of September 1947 that an official Air Force investigation was established to investigate the phenomenon and it was also recommended that other government agencies should assist in the investigation.

Project Alerts

This led to the creation of the Air Force Project Sign at the end of 1947, one of the earliest government studies to reach a secretive extraterrestrial conclusion. In August 1948, the Tanda Researcher wrote a secret intelligence forecast for the effect, but Air Force Chief Hoyt Vandenberg ordered him to be destroyed. The existence of this pressed report was revealed by several insiders who had read it, such as astronomer and USAF consultant J. Allen Hynek and Captain Edward J. Ruppelt, head of the USAF Blue Book Project first.

Another highly secret US study was conducted by the CIA's Office of Scientific Investigation (OS/I) in the second half of 1952 in response to an order from the National Security Council (NSC). The study concludes that UFOs are a real physical object of potential threat to national security. One OS/I memo to the CIA Director (DCI) in December reads:

reports of incidents assure us that something is happening that needs immediate attention... The sighting of unexplained objects at high altitudes and traveling at high speed around the major US defense installations is unattributable. for a known natural phenomenon or type of aerial vehicle.

This was deemed so urgent that OS/I drafted a memorandum from DCI to the NSC proposing that the NSC establish a UFO investigation as a priority project across the intelligence and defense research and development community. It also encourages DCI to build an external research project of top scientists, now known as the Robertson Panel to analyze UFO problems. The OS/I investigation was suspended after Robertson Panel's negative conclusions in January 1953.

Condon Committee

The public research effort undertaken by the Condon Committee for the USAF, which came to a negative conclusion in 1968, marked the end of the US government's official investigation of UFOs, although various government intelligence agencies continued unofficially to investigate or monitor the situation.

The controversy has surrounded the Condon Report, both before and after it was released. It has been observed that the report was "strongly criticized by many scientists, especially on the powerful AIAA... [recommending moderate, but continuous scientific work on UFOs." In a speech to AAAS, James E. McDonald stated that he believed science had failed to advance adequate research on the matter and criticized the Condon Report and previous studies by the USAF as a scientific flaw. He also questioned the basis of Condon's conclusions and argued that the UFO report had "laughed out of a scientific court." J. Allen Hynek, an astronomy expert who worked as a USAF consultant from 1948, sharply criticized the Condon Committee Report and subsequently wrote two non-technical books that suggested the case for continuing to investigate UFO reports.

Ruppelt recounts his experience with Project Blue Book, a USAF investigation that preceded Condon.

Important case

• The Roswell UFO incident (1947) involved local New Mexico residents, law enforcement officers and the US military, the latter of which allegedly collected physical evidence from the UFO crash site.
• Mantell UFO Incident January 7, 1948
• The kidnapping of Betty and Barney Hill (1961) was the first reported abduction incident.
• In the UFO incident of Kecksburg, Pennsylvania (1965), residents reported seeing bell-shaped object accidents in the area. Police officers, and possibly military personnel, were sent to investigate.
• The kidnapping case of Travis Walton (1975): The film Fire in the Sky (1993) is based on this event, but is adorned with the original account.
• The "Phoenix Lights" March 13, 1997
• 2006 O'Hare International Airport UFO sighting

Brazil

On 31 October 2008, the Brazilian National Archives began to receive from the Aeronautical Documentation and History Center part of the Brazilian Air Force documentation on the investigation of UFO sightings in Brazil. Currently this collection collects cases between 1952 and 2016.

Canada

In Canada, the Department of National Defense has dealt with UFO reports, sightings and investigations in Canada. In addition to investigating crop circles in Duhamel, Alberta, it still considers the "unresolved" incidents of Falcon Lake in Manitoba and the Shag Harbor UFO incident in Nova Scotia.

Early Canadian studies included Project Magnet (1950-1954) and Project Second Storey (1952-1954), supported by the Council for Defense Research.

French

In March 2007, the French space agency CNES published an archive of UFO sightings and other phenomena online.

French studies include GEPAN/SEPRA/GEIPAN (1977-), in the CNES (French space agency), the longest government-sponsored investigation. About 22% of the 6000 cases studied remained unexplained. The official GEPAN/SEPRA/GEIPAN opinion has been neutral, stating on their FAQ page that their mission is fact-finding for the scientific community, rather than giving an opinion. They add that they can not prove or disprove the Extraordinary Hypothesis (ETH), but the obvious position of their Steering Committee is that they can not dispose of the possibility that some of the 22% very strange from unexplained cases may be caused by a distant and advanced civilization. Perhaps their bias may be indicated by the use of the term "PAN" (French) or "UAP" (English equivalent) for "Unidentified Space" Phenomenon "(while" UAP "as commonly used by British organizations) is the abbreviation of "Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon", a more neutral term.) In addition, three heads of research have been noted in stating that UFOs are real physical flying machines beyond our knowledge or that the best explanations for most cases unexplained is extraterrestrial.

In 2008, Michel Scheller, president of the Association AÃÆ'Â © ronautique et Astronautique de France (3AF), created the Sigma Commission. The goal is to investigate UFO phenomena around the world. A progress report published in May 2010 stated that the main hypothesis put forward by the COMETA report is highly credible. In December 2012, the final report of the Sigma Commission was submitted to Scheller. After the submission of the final report, the Sigma2 Commission will be established with a mandate to continue the scientific inquiry into the UFO phenomenon.

The most prominent UFO sighting cases in France include the UFO Valensole incident in 1965, and the Trans-en-Provence Case in 1981.

Italy

According to some Italian ufologists, the first documented case of UFO sightings in Italy dates back to April 11, 1933, to Varese. Document time indicates that UFO allegedly crashed or landed near Vergiate. After this, Benito Mussolini created a secret group to see it, called the RS/33 Cabinet.

Allegations of UFO sightings have increased gradually since the war, peaking in 1978 and 2005. The total number of sightings since 1947 is 18,500, of which 90% can be identified.

In 2000, Italian ufologist Roberto Pinotti published material on the so-called "Fascist UFO Files", which dealt with flying saucers that fell near Milan in 1933 (about 14 years before Roswell, New Mexico, crash), and from Investigation subsequently by an unnamed RS/33 Cabinet, allegedly authorized by Benito Mussolini, and led by Nobel scientist Guglielmo Marconi. An alleged spacecraft was stored in a Sica Marchetti hangar in Vergiate near Milan.

Julius Obsequens is a Roman writer believed to live in the middle of the fourth century AD. The only work related to his name is the Liber de Prodigiis (Book on Skills), entirely derived from emblems, or summaries, written by Livy; De prodigiis was built as an explanation of the miracles and omens that occurred in Rome between 249 BC-12 BC. Aspects of Obsequens' work that has inspired much interest in some quarters is a reference made to things moving in the sky. This has been interpreted as a UFO report, but may also describe a meteor, and, since Obsequens, probably, wrote in the 4th century, that is, about 400 years after the events he describes, they barely qualify as eyewitnesses.

Important case

• The sighting of a UFO in Florence, October 28, 1954, followed by the fall of angel hair.
• In 1973, an Alitalian plane left Rome for Naples, seeing a mysterious round object. Two Italian Air Force aircraft from Ciampino confirmed the sightings. In the same year there was another sighting at Caselle airport near Turin.
• In 1978, two young climbers, while walking on Monte MusinÃÆ'¨ near Turin, saw bright lights; one of them disappears temporarily and, after a while, is found in a state of shock and with a striking wound on one leg. Upon regaining consciousness, he reports that he has seen an elongated vehicle and that some odd-shaped creature descends from him. Both young climbers suffer from conjunctivitis for some time.
• A close encounter was reported in September 1978 at Torrita di Siena in Siena Province. A young rider saw in front of him a bright object, two small creatures dressed in suits and helmets, both approached the car, and after watching it cautiously back up again to the UFO. A boy who lives with his family in a village house not far away says he has seen at the same time "a kind of little reddish sun".
• But in 1978, there was also the story of Pier Fortunato Zanfretta, the most famous and most controversial case of the alleged abduction of an alleged Italian. Zanfretta said he had been kidnapped on the night of December 6 and December 7 when he did his work in Marzano, in the municipality of Torriglia in Genoa Province; 52 cases testimony from others collected.

United Kingdom

The British Flyer Working Party published its final report in June 1951, which has been kept secret for more than 50 years. The Workers Party concludes that all UFO sightings can be described as misidentification of ordinary objects or phenomena, optical illusions, misperceptions of psychological/deviation, or hoaxes. The report states: "We appropriately recommend strongly that no further investigation of the mysterious airborne phenomenon is reported to be carried out, unless and until some material evidence is available."

Eight file collections on UFO sightings, dating from 1978 to 1987, were first released on May 14, 2008, to The National Archives by the Department of Defense (MoF). Although kept secret from the public for years, most files have a low classification level and none are classified as Top Secret. 200 files are set to be published in 2012. The files are public correspondence sent to governments and British officials, such as MoD and Margaret Thatcher. The MoD released files under the Freedom of Information Act due to requests from researchers. These files include, but are not limited to, UFOs over Liverpool and Waterloo Bridge in London.

On October 20, 2008, more UFO files were released. One case was released in detail that in 1991 an Alitalia passenger plane was approaching London Heathrow Airport when the pilot saw what they described as "cruise missiles" flying very close to the cockpit. The pilot believed that the collision was imminent. UFO expert David Clarke says that this is one of the most convincing cases for a UFO he meets.

A secret study of UFOs was conducted for the Ministry of Defense between 1996 and 2000 and was named Project Condign. The resulting report, entitled "Unknown Air Phenomenon in the British Defense Area", was released publicly in 2006, but the identity and credibility of whoever formed Project Condign remain classified. The report confirms earlier findings that the main cause of UFO sightings is the misidentification of man-made and natural objects. The report notes: "No unknown or unexplained artifacts have been reported or submitted to the British authorities, although thousands of unidentified Aerial Phenomena reports. No SIGINT, ELINT or radiation measurements and few useful videos or still IMINT. " It concludes: "There is no evidence that any UAP, seen in UKADR [UK Air Defense Region], is an attack by air objects from any intelligence source (extraterrestrial or foreign), or that they represent hostile intentions." A small conclusion from the report is that a new meteorological plasma phenomenon similar to a lightning ball is responsible for the "majority, if not all" of unexplained sightings, especially the UFO black triangle report.

On December 1, 2009, the Department of Defense quietly closed its UFO investigation unit. The hotline and email address of the unit has been suspended by the MoD on that date. The MoD said there was no value in continuing to accept and investigate the apparitions in its release, stating

in more than fifty years, no UFO report reveals evidence of potential threat to Britain. MoD has no special ability to identify such apparition properties. There is no Defensive benefit in such an investigation and it will be an inappropriate use of defense resources. In addition, responding to reported UFO sightings diverts Defense Department resources from tasks relevant to Defense. "

The Guardian reported that the MoD claiming the closure would save the Ministry around Ã, Â £ 50,000 a year. MoD said that it will continue to release UFO files to the public via The National Archives.

Important case

According to records released on August 5, 2010, Britain's wartime prime minister, Winston Churchill, banned reports of 50 years of alleged UFO incidents because of fears it could create a mass panic. The report given to Churchill confirmed that the incident involved Royal Air Force reconnaissance aircraft (RAF) returning from missions in France or Germany towards the end of World War II. It was above or near the British coastline when it was allegedly intercepted by a strange metal object that matched the aircraft course and speed for a while before it accelerated and disappeared. Aircraft crews are reported to have photographed the object, which they say has "floated silently" near the plane, before moving on. According to the documents, details about the closure came when a man wrote a letter to the government in 1999 to find out more about the incident and explained how his grandfather, who had served with the RAF in the war, was present when Churchill and US General Dwight D. Eisenhower discusses how to deal with UFO meetings. The files come from more than 5,000 pages of UFO reports, letters and drawings from community members, as well as questions posed in Parliament. They are available for download from the National Archives website.

In April 1957 the West Freugh incident in Scotland, named after the main military base involved, two unidentified objects flying high over Britain were tracked by radar operators. The objects are reported to operate at speed and maneuver beyond the known craft capabilities. Also significant are their alleged size, which is based on radar returns - closer to a ship than an airplane.

In the Rendlesham Forest incident in December 1980, US military personnel witnessed a UFO near an air base in Woodbridge, Suffolk, for three nights. One night, the base commander's deputy, Colonel Charles I. Halt, and other personnel followed one or more UFOs moving in and out of the forest for several hours. Colonel Halt made an audio recording at this time and then wrote an official memorandum that summarizes the incident. After retiring from the military, he says that he deliberately belittled the event (officially called 'Unexplained Lights') to avoid damaging his career. Other base personnel are said to have observed one of the UFOs, who have landed in the forest, and even went to and touched it.

Uruguay

The Uruguayan Air Force has been conducting UFO investigations since 1989 and reportedly analyzing 2,100 cases that they consider to be about 2% due to lack of explanation.

Report of astronomers

The USA Blue Project Blue Book file shows that about 1% of all unknown reports come from amateur and professional astronomers or other telescope users (such as missile trackers or surveyors). In 1952, astronomer J. Allen Hynek, who later became a consultant for Blue Book, conducted a small survey of 45 other professional astronomers. Five reported UFO sightings (about 11%). In the 1970s, astrophysicist Peter A. Sturrock conducted two major surveys of the AIAA and the American Astronomical Society (AAS). About 5% of the surveyed members indicated that they already had UFO sightings.

Astronomer Clyde Tombaugh, who claimed six UFO sightings, including three green fireballs, supported the Extraterrestrial hypothesis for UFOs and stated he thought the scientists who fired him without research were "unscientific." Another astronomer is Lincoln LaPaz, who has led an Air Force investigation into a green ball and other UFO phenomena in New Mexico. LaPaz reported two personal sightings, one from a green fireball, the other from an object like an anomaly disk. (Both Tombaugh and LaPaz were part of a 1952 Hynek survey.) Hynek himself took two photographs through the window of a commercial aircraft of an object like a disc that seemed to spur his plane.

In 1980, a survey of 1800 members of various amateur astronomers associations by Gert Helb and Hynek for CUFOS found that 24% answered "yes" to the question "Have you ever observed an object that rejects your most complete effort in identification?"

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Upgrade claim report

MUFON reported that UFO sightings to their offices had increased by 67% in the previous three years in 2011. According to MUFON international director Clifford Clift in 2011, "Over the past year, we have averaged 500 observation reports a month, compared to about 300 three last year [67 percent], ".

According to an annual survey of reports conducted by UFO-based research group Canada, Ufology Research, reported UFO sightings doubled in Canada between 2011 and 2012.

In 2013 the Peruvian government Departamento de Investigación de FenÃÆ'³menos AÃÆ' Â © reos AnÃÆ'³malos (Department of Aerial Anomaly Phenomenon Research), or "DIFAA", was officially reactivated due to an increase in reported sightings. According to Colonel Julio Vucetich, head of the air force aerospace division whose self claims to have seen "aerial anomaly objects", "Personally, it is clear to me that we are not alone in this world or universe."

By contrast, according to the UK-based Anomaly Phenomenological Assessment Association (ASSAP), reports of sightings in the UK to their offices have fallen by 96% since 1988.

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UFO identification

Studies show that after careful investigation, most UFOs can be identified as ordinary objects or phenomena. The most commonly discovered and identified sources of UFO reports are:

• Astronomical objects (bright stars, planets, meteors, reentering man-made spacecraft, artificial satellites, and moons)
• Aircraft (air and other aircraft, missile launch)
• Balloons (toy balloons, weather balloons, big research balloons)
• Other atmospheric objects and phenomena (birds, unusual clouds, kites, flares)
• the phenomenon of the mirage light, Fata Morgana, lightning balls, moon dogs, spotlights and other land lights, etc.
• Hoax

A 1952-1955 study by the Battelle Memorial Institute for USAF included these categories as well as the "psychological" category.

An individual 1979 study by CUFOS researcher Allan Hendry found, as did other investigations, that only a small proportion of the cases investigated were hoaxes (& lt; 1%) and that most of the apparitions were actually misidentified from prosaic phenomena. Hendry attributes most of this to the experience or misperception.

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Claims by military, government and airline staff

Since 2001 there has been a call for greater openness on the part of the government by various people. In May 2001, a press conference was held at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., by an organization called the Disclosure Project, which featured twenty people including retired Air Force and FAA personnel, intelligence and air traffic controllers. They all gave brief explanations of what they knew or had seen, and declared that they would be willing to testify for what they said under oath to the congressional committee. According to a 2002 report in the Oregon Daily Emerald, founder Project Founder Steven M. Greer has collected 120 hours of testimony from various government officials on UFO topics, including astronaut Gordon Cooper and Brigadier General.

In 2007, former Arizona governor Fife Symington came forward and belatedly claimed that he had seen "a large plane in the shape of a delta, secretly navigating over Squaw Peak, a mountain range in Phoenix, Arizona" in 1997.

On September 27, 2010, a group of six former USAF officers and one former Air Force person who held a press conference at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., with the theme "US Nuclear Weapon Has Been Compromised by Unidentified Air Items." They told how they watched UFOs hovering near missiles and even paralyzed the missiles.

From April 29 to May 3, 2013, the Paradigm Research Group held a "Citizen Hearing of Disclosure" at the National Press Club. The group paid former US Sen. Mike Gravel and former Representatives Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick, Roscoe Bartlett, Merrill Cook, Darlene Hooley and Lynn Woolsey $ 20,000 each to hear testimony from the panel of researchers covering witnesses from the military, institutions and political background.

Apollo astronomer 14 Dr. Edgar Mitchell claims that he knows senior government employees who are involved in "close encounters" and therefore he has no doubt that aliens have visited Earth.

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Externalerrestrial Hypothesis

While technically a UFO refers to unidentified flying objects, in modern popular culture the term UFO generally becomes synonymous with an alien spacecraft; However, the term ETV (ExtraTerrestrial Vehicle) is sometimes used to separate this UFO explanation from a fully grounded explanation.

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Related claims

In addition to the visual appearance of anecdotes, the report sometimes includes claims from other types of evidence, including cases learned by the military and various government agencies from various countries (such as Project Blue Book, Condon Committee, GEPAN/SEPRA France, and Uruguayan Air Force currently studying ).

A comprehensive scientific review of the cases in which physical evidence is available is made by the Sturrock panel of 1998, with specific examples from the many categories listed below.

• Contacts and radar tracking, sometimes from multiple sites. These include military personnel and control tower operators, simultaneous visual sightings, and aircraft intercepts. One such example is the massive appearance of a large, silent, low-flying triangle in 1989 and 1990 in Belgium, tracked by NATO radar and jet interceptors, and investigated by the Belgian military (including photographic evidence). Another notable case from 1986 was the flight incident of 1628 Japan Air Line over Alaska investigated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
• Photo evidence, including still photos, movie movies, and videos.
• UFO landing trace physical claims, including soil impression, burned or dry soil, burnt and damaged foliage, magnetic anomalies, increased radiation levels, and metal traces. (See, for example, the high 611 UFO incidents or 1964 Lonnie Zamora Socorro, New Mexico facing cases of the USAF Book Blue Project.) A notable example of December 1980 is the USAF Rendlesham Forest incident in England. Another occurred in January 1981 in Trans-en-Provence and was investigated by GEPAN, then an official UFO government investigation agency. Project Head of Blue Book Edward J. Ruppelt described the classic 1952 CE2 case involving a charred grassy patch.
• Physiological effects on humans and animals include temporary paralysis, burns and skin rashes, corneal burns, and shallow symptoms resembling radiation poisoning, such as the Kas-Landrum incident in 1980.
• Cutting cases of animals/livestock, which by some people are also part of the UFO phenomenon.
• Biological effects on plants such as increased or decreased growth, germination effects on seeds, and disabling stem nodes (usually related to physical trace cases or crop circles)
• The effects of electromagnetic interference (EM). The famous 1976 military case in Tehran, recorded in secret documents of the CIA and DIA, is attributed to the loss of communication on some aircraft and the failure of weapons systems at an F-4 Phantom II jet interceptor for firing missiles onto one of the UFOs.
• Clear long-range radiation detection, some recorded in FBI and CIA documents that occurred over government nuclear installations at Los Alamos National Laboratory and Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1950, was also reported by Blue Book Project director Edward J. Ruppelt in his book.
• Objects claimed belonging to UFOs themselves, such as the 1957 magnesium fragments, Ubatuba, Brazil, analyzed by the Brazilian government and in the Condon Report and by others. The 1964 Lonnie Zamora incident also left a metal trail, analyzed by NASA. The newer examples involve the teardrop-shaped object found by Bob White and shown in the UFO Hunter episode.
• Angels' hair and angel grass may be described in some cases as a nest of spiders or spider chaff.

src: www.newshub.co.nz

Ufologi

Ufologi is a neologism that describes the collective efforts of those who study UFO reports and related evidence.

Researcher

Appearance

Organization

Categorization

Some ufologists recommend observations that are classified based on the features of phenomena or objects that are reported or recorded. Common categories include:

• Plates, toys-tops, or disc-shaped "crafts" without movers seen or heard.
• Large triangular crafts "or triangular light patterns, usually reported at night.
• Cigars are in the form of "crafts" with flaming windows (meteor fireballs sometimes reported in this way, but are very different phenomena).
• Others: chevrons, (equilateral) triangles, sickles, boomerangs, balls (usually reported to shine, shine at night), domes, diamonds, shapeless black masses, eggs, pyramids and cylinders, classic "lights".

Popular UFO classification systems include the Hynek system, created by J. Allen Hynek, and the VallÃÆ'Â © e system, created by Jacques VallÃÆ'Â © e.

The Hynek system involves dividing objects visible by appearance, subdivided further into the type of "close encounter" (a term from which film director Steven Spielberg earned his 1977 UFO movie title, Close Encounters of the Third Kind ).

Jacques VallÃÆ' Â © e system classifies UFOs into five broad types, each with three to five subtypes that vary according to the type.

Scientific skepticism

A group of scientific skeptics who for years offered critical analysis of UFO claims was the Skeptical Inquiry Committee (CSI).

One example is the response to local beliefs that "extraterrestrials" in UFOs are responsible for the crop circles emerging in Indonesia, which the government and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (LAPAN) described as "man-made". Thomas Djamaluddin, a professor of astronomy and astrophysics research at LAPAN, said: "We have agreed that this 'thing' can not be scientifically proven, scientists have put UFOs in the pseudosain category."

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Conspiracy theory

UFOs are sometimes a conspiracy theory element in which the government allegedly deliberately "masked" the existence of aliens by erasing physical evidence of their presence, or even collaborating with extraterrestrials. There are many versions of this story; some are exclusive, while others overlap with other conspiracy theories.

In the US, a poll conducted in 1997 showed that 80% of Americans believe that the US government hid the information. Various figures have also expressed such views. Some examples are astronauts Gordon Cooper and Edgar Mitchell, Senator Barry Goldwater, Vice Admiral Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter (the first CIA director), Lord Hill-Norton (former British Chief of Defense Staff and NATO head), French COMETA study of 1999 by various generals and French aerospace experts, and Yves Sillard (former director of CNES, new director of French UFO research organization GEIPAN).

It has also been suggested by some paranormal writers that all or most of human technologies and cultures are based on outer space contacts (see also ancient astronauts).

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Famous hoax

• Maury Island Incident
• George Adamski, for more than two decades, made numerous claims about his encounter with telepathic aliens from nearby planets. He claims that photographs from the far side of the Moon taken by Soviet lunar probe Luna 3 in 1959 are fake, and that there are snow-capped cities, trees and mountains on the far side of the Moon. Among the imitators is a shadowy English figure named Cedric Allingham.
• Ed Walters, a building contractor, in 1987 allegedly committed a trick in Gulf Breeze, Florida. Walters claimed at first to have seen a small UFO that flew near his home and took some photos of the plane. Walters reported and documented a series of UFO sightings for three weeks and took several photos. This apparition became famous, and collectively referred to as the Gulf Breeze UFO incident. Three years later, in 1990, after the Walters family moved, the new residents discovered a UFO model that was not hidden in the attic that had an irrefutable resemblance to the artwork in Walters' photograph. Most researchers, such as forensic photographer William G. Hyzer, now regard the apparition as a hoax.

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In popular culture

UFOs have been a vast international cultural phenomenon since the 1950s. Gallup Polls places UFOs near the top of the list for broad recognition subjects. In 1973, a survey found that 95 percent of the public reported having heard of UFOs, while only 92 percent had heard of US President Gerald Ford in a 1977 poll taken just nine months after he left the White House. The 1996 Gallup Poll reported that 71 percent of Americans believe that the US government is covering up information about UFOs. The 2002 Roper Polling for the Sci-Fi Channel found similar results, but with more people believing that UFOs are spacecraft. In the latest poll, 56 percent assume that UFOs are real handicrafts and 48 percent that aliens have visited Earth. Again, about 70 percent feel the government is not sharing all that is known about UFOs or extraterrestrial life.

Other effects of this type of flying saucers from UFO sightings are Earth-made flying saucers in space fiction, such as the United Planets Cruiser C57D at Forbidden Planet (1956), Jupiter 2 in Lost in Space , and saucers from the USS Enterprise on Star Trek , and many others.

UFOs and extraterrestrials have been featured in many films.

src: www.eurorailhobbies.com

See also

• Declassify UFO documents
• UFO Sightings Kenneth Arnold
• Kosmopoisk
• A list of alleged incidents of UFO and near misses
• Majestic 12
• Mysterious ship
• Psychosocial hypothesis
• Religious UFO
• Ufology
• Unidentified submerged objects or USO

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Note

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References

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Bibliography

General

History

Psychology

Technology

Skepticism

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External links

• "Government Report on UFOs" from the Government Information Library at the University of Colorado Boulder
• "The CIA's Role in UFO Studies, 1947 - 90" by Gerald K. Haines, Central Intelligence Agency
• "UFO: Fact or Fiction?" Unclassified CIA documents from the 1940s to the early 1990s.
• "UFO Reports in the UK" from 1997 - 2009 by the Ministry of Defense
• "Newly released UFO files from the UK government" at The National Archives
• "Canadian UFOs: Searching for the Unknown", virtual museum exhibit by the Library and Archives of Canada
• Unclassified files - on UFOs from many countries
• No-Declaration Videos - Chile UAP Events on November 11, 2014 (official video (9:59))

Source of the article : Wikipedia