The Sioux also known as O? HÃÆ' Â © thi? AkÃÆ'³wi? , is a group of Native American and First Nations nations in North America. This term may refer to any ethnic group in the State of Sioux Raya or to any one of the many dialects of the language of that country. The Sioux consists of three main divisions based on language divisions: Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota.
The Santee Dakota ( Is's? Yathi ; "Knife") is east of the extreme Dakotas, Minnesota and northern Iowa. The Yankton and Yanktonai Dakota ( IhÃÆ'¡? Kt? U? Wa? and Ihá? Kt? U? Wa? Na ; "Village-in-the-end" and "Little village-at-the-end"), collectively also called by endonym Wi? hÃÆ'¨nea, located in the Minnesota River region. They are considered the center of Sioux, and in the past have been misclassified as Nakota. The real members are Assiniboine and Stoney of Western Canada and Montana. The Lakota, also called Teton ( ThÃÆ't? U? Wa? , probably "Occupant in the meadows"), is the western Sioux, known for their hunting and cultural fighter.
Currently, Sioux maintains many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations, communities and reserves in North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota, and Montana in the United States; and Manitoba, Southern Saskatchewan, and Alberta in Canada.
Video Sioux
Name
The name "Sioux" was adopted in English by the 1760s from France. This is abbreviated from Nadouessioux , first proved by Jean Nicolet in 1640. His name is sometimes said to have originated from Ojibwe named for Sioux which means "little snake" (compare nadowe > "big snake", used for Iroquois). The spelling at -x is due to the plural French marker. The Proto-Algonquian form * naÃ, Â · toweÃ, Â · wa , meaning "northern Iroquoian", has a reflex in some princess languages ​​referring to small rattlesnakes (massasauga, Sistrurus ). Alternative explanations are derivatives of exon (Algonquian) naÃ, Â · toweÃ, Â · ssiw (plural naÃ, Â · toweÃ, Â · ssiwak ), from verbs * - aÃ, toweÃ, Â · which means "speaking a foreign language". The current Ojibwe term for Sioux and related groups is Bwaanag (singular Bwaan ), which means "roaster". Presumably, this refers to the Sioux style of cooking used in the past.
Some tribes formally or unofficially adopt traditional names: The Sioux Rosebud tribe is also known as Si? HÃÆ'¡ ?? u OyÃÆ'¡te , and Oglala often uses the name OglÃÆ' ¡La Lak? ÃÆ'³ta OyÃÆ'¡te , rather than English "Oglala Sioux Tribe" or OST. The alternative English spelling of Ogallala is considered inappropriate.
The history of Sioux refers to the Great Sioux Nation as O? HÃÆ' Â © thi? AkÃÆ'³wi? (Pronounced [o't? Et? I? A'kow?] ), meaning "Seven Council Fires". Every fire is a symbol of an oyate (person or nation). The seven countries that make up Sioux are: BdewÃÆ'¡ka? Thu? Wa? (Mdewakanton), Wa? PÃÆ'Ã… © thu? Wa? (Wahpeton), Wa? PÃÆ'Ã… © khute (Wahpekute), SisÃÆ'thu? Wa? (Sisseton), IhÃÆ'¡? Kthu? Wa? (Yankton), IhÃÆ'¡? Kthu? Wa? Na (Yanktonai), and ThÃÆ't? U? Wa? (Teton or Lakota). Seven Fire Boards will gather every summer to hold councils, renew kinship, decide tribal issues, and participate in Sun Dance. The seven divisions will choose four leaders known as Wi? HÃÆ'¡? A YatÃÆ'¡pika from among the leaders of each division. Being one of the four leaders is regarded as the highest honor for a leader; however, the annual meeting means that the majority of tribal governments are handled by ordinary leaders from each division. The last meeting of the Seven Council of Fire in 1850.
Today's Teton, Santee (a mixture of four Dakota tribes) and Minnesota Dakota, and Yankton/Yanktonai are usually known, respectively, as Lakota, East Dakota, or West Dakota. In one of the three main dialects, Lakota or Dakota translates to "friend" or "ally", referring to the alliance which was once tied to the Great Sioux Nation. Maps Sioux
History
First contact with Europeans
The first recorded Dakota has lived on the source of the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes during the seventeenth century. They were scattered in the west in 1659 because of the battle with Iroquois. In the 1700s the Dakota Sioux lived in Wisconsin and Minnesota, at this time they destroyed the Wicosawan, the other Siouan people in 1710. The division of branches known as the Lakota migrated to South Dakota today. At the end of the 17th century, Dakota established an alliance with French merchants. France is seeking to gain a profit in the North American feather trade struggle against Britain, which recently founded the Hudson Bay Company.
Relationship with French merchants
The first meeting recorded between Sioux and France occurred when the Radisson and Groseilliers reached what is now Wisconsin during the winter of 1659-60. Later visited French traders and missionaries including Claude-Jean Allouez, Daniel Greysolon Duluth, and Pierre-Charles Le Sueur who raced with Dakota bands in the early 1700s. In 1736, a group of Sioux killed Jean Baptiste de La VÃ © Ã © rendrye and two tens of others on an island in Lake of the Woods. However, trade with France continued until after France surrendered North America in 1763.
Relationship with Pawnees
Writer and historian Mark van de Logt writes: "Although military historians tend to retain the concept of" total war "for the conflict between modern industrialized countries, the term approaches the state approach between Pawnees and Sioux and Cheyennes, directing their actions not only against combatants - fighters but against the people as a whole Non-combatants are legitimate targets.... In this context the military service of Scout Pawnee has to be seen. "
The Battle of Massacre Canyon on August 5, 1873, was the last major battle between Pawnee and Sioux.
Dakota War of 1862
In 1862, shortly after the harvest failed the previous year and winter hunger, federal payments were delayed. Local merchants will not give any more credit to Santee and a trader, Andrew Myrick, says, "If they are hungry, let them eat grass." On August 17, 1862, the Dakota War began when some Santee people killed a white farmer and most of his family. They inspired further attacks on white settlements along the Minnesota River. The Santee attacked the trading post. Then the settlers found Myrick among the dead with his mouth full of grass.
On November 5, 1862 in Minnesota, in a military court, 303 Santee Sioux was found guilty of rape and murder of hundreds of American settlers. They were sentenced to hang. No lawyers or witnesses were allowed in defense of the defendant, and many were sentenced to less than five minutes of court time with a judge. President Abraham Lincoln changed the death penalty of 284 soldiers, while signing a contract with 38 Santee men on December 26, 1862 in Mankato, Minnesota. It was the largest mass execution in US history, on US soil.
After that, the US suspended the annuity agreement to Dakota for four years and awarded the money to the white victims and their families. The men sent on President Lincoln's orders were sent to prisons in Iowa, where more than half died.
During and after the rebellion, many Santee and their families fled from Minnesota and East Dakota to Canada, or settled in the James River Valley in a short reservation before being forced to move to the Crow Creek Reservation on the eastern edge of Missouri. Some joined Yanktonai and moved further west to join the Lakota band to continue their struggle against the US military.
Others can live in Minnesota and the east, in small orderings in the 21st century, including Sisseton-Wahpeton, Flandreau, and Devils Lake (Spirit Lake or Fort Totten) Reservation at Dakotas. Some end up in Nebraska, where Santee Reservation Sioux today has a reservation at the southern bank of Missouri.
Those who fled to Canada now have offspring who live in nine small Dakota Sanctuaries, five of which are located in Manitoba (Sioux Valley, Long Plain, Dakota Tipi, Birdtail Creek and Oak Lake [Pipestone]) and the remaining four (Standing Buffalo, Moose Woods [White Cap], Round Plain [Wahpeton], and Wood Mountain) in Saskatchewan.
Red Cloud War
The Red Cloud War (also referred to as the Bozeman War) was an armed conflict between Lakota and the United States Army in the Wyoming and Montana Territories from 1866 to 1868. This war was contested over the control of the River Powder State north of central Wyoming.
This war is named after Red Cloud, a prominent Sioux leader who led the war against the United States after encroachment entered the area by the US military. The war ended with the Fort Laramie Treaty. The victory of Sioux in war led to them while preserving their control of the Powder River state. Great Sioux War of 1876 Great Sioux War of 1876 Great Sioux War of 1876 The Great Sioux War of 1876 consists of a series of battles between Lakota and allied tribes such as Cheyenne against the United States military. The earliest involvement was the Battle of Powder River, and the final battle was Wolf Mountain. Includes Battle Rosebud, Battle of Little Bighorn, Battle of Warbonnet Creek, Battle of Lean Buttes, Battle of Cedar Creek, and Fight against Dull Knives. The Great Sioux War of 1876-77 is also known as the Black Hills War, and centers on the Lakota tribe in Sioux, although some indigenous people believe that the main target of the US military is the North Cheyenne. A series of battles took place in the Montana, Dakota and Wyoming regions, and resulted in victory for the US military. Knee Massacre
The massacre at Wounded Knee Creek is the last major armed conflict between Lakota and the United States. It was described as a "massacre" by General Nelson A. Miles in a letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.
On December 29, 1890, five hundred 7th Cavalry Regiment troops, supported by four Hotchkiss rifles (a piece of light artillery capable of firing rapidly), surrounded the Minotajou Lakota group camp and the Hunkpapa with orders to escort them to trains for transportation to Omaha, Nebraska.
By the time it was completed, 25 troops and more than 150 Lakota Sioux lay dead, including men, women, and children. It remains unknown where the party is responsible for the first shot; some soldiers are believed to be the victims of "friendly fire" because the shootings occurred at close range in chaotic conditions. About 150 Lakota are believed to have escaped chaos, many of whom may have died of hypothermia.
Reservation and backup
At the end of the 19th century, the railroads wanted to build a path through Indian soil. The railroad companies hired hunters to wipe out a herd of bison, the mainland Indian food supply. Dakota and Lakota are forced to accept US-determined reservations in exchange for the rest of their land and domestic cattle farms and cattle, as opposed to a nomadic hunting economy. During the first years of the Reservation Era, the Sioux people rely on annual federal payments guaranteed by the treaty to survive.
In Minnesota, the Traverse des Sioux and Mendota agreement in 1851 left Dakota with a 20 mile (32 km) wide reservation on each side of the Minnesota River.
Today, half of all registered in Sioux in the United States live off the reservation. Members registered in one of the Sioux tribes in the United States are required to have offspring that are at least 1/4 degree Sioux (equivalent to one grandparent).
In Canada, the Canadian government recognizes tribal peoples as First Nations. Land tenure from First Countries is called India reserves.
Reservation, backup and modern community
- Backup is shared with other First Countries
20th century activism
Wounded Injuries
The Injury Injuries Incident began on 27 February 1973 when the town of Luka Luka, South Dakota was seized by followers of the American Indian Movement. The invaders occupied the city for 71 days while state and federal law enforcement agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Marshall Service of the United States surrounded. Two members of A.I.M. killed by gunfire during the incident.
Republic of Lakotah
The Lakota Freedom Delegation, a group of controversial Native American activists, declared on December 19, 2007, Lakota withdrew from all agreements signed with the United States to regain sovereignty over their nation. One activist, Russell Means, claimed that the action was legitimate and cited natural, international, and US laws. The group considers Lakota a sovereign state, although in general the state has not been recognized. The proposed border retook thousands of square kilometers of North and South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska and Montana.
Current activism
Lakota made national news when NPR's "Lost Child, Shattered Family" story of the investigation aired. This reveals what many critics consider to be the "kidnapping" of Lakota children from their homes by the state of the South Dakota Social Services Department (DSS). Lakota activists such as Madonna Thunder Hawk and Chase Iron Eyes, along with the People's Legal Project, have alleged that Lakota's grandmother was illegally denied the right to foster their own grandchildren. They are currently working to divert federal funding from their country. DSS South Dakota to a new tribal upbringing program. It will be a historic shift from traditional country control over Lakota foster children.
Protest against the Access Dakota oil pipeline
In the summer of 2016, the Sioux and Standing Rocks of the Sioux Indians initiated a protest against the construction of the Dakota Access oil pipeline, also known as the Bakken pipeline, which, when completed, was designed to carry hydrofracked crude from the Bakken oil field from North Dakota to storage and oil removal Patoka, Illinois. The pipeline only half a mile north of the Standing Rock Sioux reservation and designed to pass under the Missouri River and upstream reservations, causing much concern over tribal drinking water safety, environmental protection and cultural harm. The pipeline company claims that the pipeline will provide jobs, reduce America's dependence on foreign oil and reduce gas prices.
The conflict triggered a national debate and a lot of news media coverage. Thousands of indigenous and non-indigenous supporters joined the protest, and several camp sites were set up in the southern construction zone. The protests were peaceful, and alcohol, drugs and firearms were not allowed in camps or protests. On August 23, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe released a list of 87 tribal governments that wrote resolutions, statements and letters of support stating their solidarity with Standing Rock and the Sioux people. Since then, more Native American organizations, environmental groups and civil rights groups have joined efforts in North Dakota, including the Black Lives Matter movement, Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders, Jill Stein Green Party presidential candidate in 2016 and his partner, Ajamu Baraka, and many more. The Washington Post calls it the "National Movement for Native Americans."
Political organization
The historical political organization is based on individual participation and cooperation of many people to defend the ethnic way of life. Leaders are chosen on the basis of noble birth and major virtue demonstrations, such as courage, fortitude, generosity, and wisdom.
- Political leaders are members of the community Na? ÃÆ'¡¡nnÃÆ' yye and decide on tribal hunting, camp movements, â € <â €
- Society is similar to fraternity; men join to improve their position within the tribe. Society consists of smaller clans and varies in numbers among seven divisions. There are two types of society: AkÃÆ'? Hita , for younger men, and Na? ÃÆ'¡ , for parents and former leaders.
- AkÃÆ'? hita Community is there to train community soldiers, hunters and police. There are many organizations of AkÃÆ'? Smaller Hita, including Kit-Fox, Strong Heart, Elk, and so on.
- Leader in Na? ÃÆ'¡ community, per Na? ÃÆ'¡ OmnÃÆ'? iye, are elders and tribal leaders. They choose from seven to ten people, depending on the division, each referred to as Wi? HÃÆ'¡? A It? ÃÆ'¡ ?? Ha? ("chief man"). Any Wi? HÃÆ'¡? A It? ÃÆ'¡ ?? Ha? interpreted and enforced Na decision? ÃÆ'¡.
- The Wi? hÃÆ'¡? a It? ÃÆ'¡ ?? Ha? will select two to four Shirt Wearers , which is the voice of the community. They settle quarrels between families and also foreign countries. User shirts are often young men from families with hereditary leadership claims. However, men with vague parents who exhibit exceptional leadership skills and have gained respect from society may also be elected. Crazy Horse is an example of the usual "Used Clothing".
- A WakÃÆ'? hu? za ("Pipe Holders") below "T-shirt" rating. Pipe holders organize peace ceremonies, selected camp sites, and oversee the community of AkÃÆ'? Hita during the buffalo hunt.
Religion
The Sioux, like many North American tribal religions, are "performative, verbal, and variable in every community because each generation uses tradition to create its own religious form, which comes from experience." "The Aboriginal Indian religions, Northern Mexico, are the mode of locally produced relationships between the communities of associated individuals and their primary sources of life... wind, sun, thunder, animals, corn, etc.". The Sioux Nation religious belief revolves around Wakan Tanka , which is identical with the Great Spirit. Two of their major religious ceremonies are Sun Dance and Ghost Dance. The Sioux Nation is one of the few native Americans who practice Sun Dance and Ghost Dance.
Linguistics
Sioux Company three language groups are closely related:
- East Dakota (also known as Santee-Sisseton or DakhÃÆ'tata)
- Santee (IsÃÆ'¡? yÃÆ'¡thi: BdewÃÆ'¡khathu? wa ?, Wa? pÃÆ' Â © khute)
- Sisseton (SisÃÆ'thu? wa ?, Wa? pÃÆ' Â © thu? wa?)
- Western Dakota (or Yankton-Yanktonai or Dak? ÃÆ'tata)
- Yankton (IhÃÆ'¡? kt? u? wa?)
- Yanktonai (IhÃÆ'¡? kt? u? wa? na)
- Lakota (or Lak? ÃÆ'tata, Teton, Teton Sioux)
The division of three previous linguistic languages ​​from Sioux identifies Lakota , Dakota , and Nakota as a dialect of one language, where Lakota = Teton, Dakota = Santee-Sisseton and Nakota = Yankton-Yanktonai. However, recent research shows that Yankton-Yanktonai never used the NakhÃÆ'³ta autonomy, but pronounced their names more or less the same as Santee (ie Dak? ÃÆ'³ta ).
Subsequent studies identified Assiniboine and Stoney as two separate languages, with Sioux being the third language. Sioux has three common dialects: Lakota, West Dakota (Yankton-Yanktonai) and East Dakota (Santee-Sisseton). Speakers of Assiniboine and Stoney refer to themselves as NakhÃÆ'³ta or NakhÃÆ'³da (see Nakota).
The term Dakota has also been applied by anthropologists and government departments to refer to all Sioux groups, resulting in names such as Teton Dakota , Santee Dakota , etc. This is mainly due to the incorrect Ottawa word translation defined from where Sioux is derived.
Music
Modern geographic division
The Sioux retains many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations and communities in North America: in Dakotas, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Montana in the United States; and in Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan and Alberta in Canada.
The earliest known European records about Sioux identified them in Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin. After the introduction of horses at the beginning of the 18th century, Sioux dominated a larger area of ​​land - from Canada now to the Platte River, from Minnesota to the Yellowstone River, including the state of the Powder River.
Santee (IsÃÆ'¡? yathi atau Dakota Timur )
Santee migrated north and west from the Southeastern United States, first to Ohio, then to Minnesota. Some come from the Santee River and Lake Marion, South Carolina region. The Santee River is named after them, and some ancient land mounds of their ancestors survive along the part of the dammed river that forms Lake Marion. In the past, they were the Woodland people who lived in hunting, fishing, and farming.
Ojibwe's migration from the east in the 17th and 18th centuries, with guns supplied by France and England, pushed the Dakota further into Minnesota and west and south. The US gave the name "Dakota Region" to the north of the western stretch of the Mississippi River and upstream.
IhÃÆ'¡? kthu? wa? -IhÃÆ'¡? kthu? wa? na (Yankton-Yanktonai atau Dakota Barat)
The Ihá? Kthu? Wa? -IhÃÆ'¡? Kthu? Wa? That, also known as Yankton angles (IhÃÆ'¡? Kthu? Wa?: "End village") and Yanktonai (Ihá? Kthu? Wa? Na: "Little end village") division consists of two bands or two of seven fires Hall. According to Nasunatanka and Matononpa in 1880, Yanktonai was divided into two sub-groups known as Upper Yanktonai and Yanktonai Hilir (Hunkpatina).
They are involved in extracting pipestone. Yankton-Yanktonai moved to northern Minnesota. In the 18th century, they were recorded living in the Mankato region of Minnesota.
Lakota (Teton or ThÃÆ't? U? Wa?)
The Sioux probably acquired horses sometime during the seventeenth century (though some historians date the arrival of horses in South Dakota to 1720, and credit Cheyenne by introducing the horse culture to the Lakota). The division of Teton (Lakota) from Sioux appears as a result of this introduction. Dominating the Great Plains in the north with their light cavalry, western Sioux rapidly expanded their territory further into the Rocky Mountains (which they call Heska , "white mountains"). Lakota had lived on the hunt of bison, and corn. They buy mostly corn through trade with eastern Sioux and their linguistic cousins, Mandan and Hidatsa along the Missouri River. The name Teton or ThÃÆ't? U? Wa? is ancient among the people, who prefer to call themselves Lak? ÃÆ'³ta .
Ethnic divisions
The Sioux is divided into three larger ethnic groups, divided into sub-groups, and subsequently branched out into bands.
- The Santee lives in reservations, reserves, and communities in Minnesota, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Canada. However, after the Dakota war of 1862, many Santee were sent to Crow Creek Indian Reservation and in 1864, some of the Crow Creek Reservations were shipped to the Santee Sioux Reservation.
- Most Yanktons live at the Yankton Indian Reservation in southeastern South Dakota. Some Yanktons live in Lower Indian Reservation Brule and Crow Creek Indian Reservation. Yanktonai is divided into Lower Yanktonai, which occupies Crow Creek Reservation; and Upper Yanktonai, living in the northern part of Indian Standing Rock Reservation, at Spirit Lake Tribe in the center of North Dakota, and in the eastern part of Fort Peck Indian Reservation in northeast Montana. In addition, they live in several Canadian reserves, including Birdtail, Oak Lake, and Moose Woods.
- The Lakota is the westernmost of the three groups, occupying the land in North and South Dakota.
The contemporary Sioux are listed under the tribes in which they belong.
- Category: People of Sioux
- The Assiniboine people
- Lakota
-
- Hunkpapa
- Oglala
- Shared
- The Dakota people
-
- Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate from Lake Traverse Indian Reservation
- Woodrow W. Keeble
By each tribe
- Assiniboine and the Sioux Tribe of Fort Peck Indian Reservation
- Cheyenne River Sioux from the Cheyenne River Reserve
- Crow Creek Tribe Sioux from Crow Creek Reservation
- Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe
- Lower Brule Tribe of Reservation Lower Brule
- Rosebud Sioux Tribe from Indian Rosebud Reservation
- Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community
- Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate
- Standing Rock Sioux Tribe of North & amp; South Dakota
- The Yankton Sioux Tribe in South Dakota
Legacy
An Historic Plate of Manitoba was established in Spruce Woods Forest Park by the province to commemorate the role of the First Assiniboin (Nakota) Nation in Manitoba heritage.
See also
- Sault (disambiguation), pronounced like Sioux
- Soo (disambiguation), pronounced like Sioux
- Sue (disambiguation), pronounced like Sioux
References
Further reading
External links
- Ã, "Sioux". EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica . 25 (issue 11). 1911.
- "Sioux," Encyclopedia of the Great Plains
- "Sioux," Their Country and Culture
- Myths And Legends Of The Sioux
- Lakota Sioux - Their Land, Allies, and Enemies
- Russell Means the late Lakota (Sioux) history
- Ã, "Dakotas". The CyclopÃÆ'Â|dia America . 1879.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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