Angela Fiducia Heywood (1840-1935) was a writer and radical activist, known as a supporter of free-love, suffragist, socialist, spiritualist, labor reformist, and abolitionist.
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Angela Heywood was born in Deerfield, New Hampshire around 1840 to Daniel and Lucy Tilton. His father was a farmer and his mother was a radical thinker derived from the philosopher John Locke. Lucy taught all six of her children's sex education from an early age, encouraging them not to use euphemism or be a secret about sex.
When the family fell into poverty, Heywood made money as a housekeeper for Reverend John Prince, and later as a nanny of the Reverend Charles J. Bowen of Newburyport, Massachusetts. This work gives him a perspective on wage labor that will influence his later views on labor reform. When he was eighteen, Heywood had religious experience and became active in his church, although he later criticized the church very hard in his writings.
Although he had little formal education, Heywood was politically conscious, and he joined the abolitionist movement. Through this activism, she met her husband Ezra Heywood, an abolitionist and labor reformer. They married at Old South Church in Boston on June 5, 1865 and moved to the town of Princeton, Massachusetts, where they bought a large house to run their publishing business. They have four children together, named Psyche, Angelo, Vesta, and Hermes.
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Careers
Between May 1872 and April 1893, Angela and Ezra worked together to publish The Word: A Monthly Journal of Reform . They refer to their business as a Cooperative Publishing Company, and eventually become famous for their discussions on taboo topics.
Word serves a variety of movements, including free love, women's suffrage, socialism, and labor reform. It publishes various works, such as essays, editorials, and book reviews. Ezra Heywood also wrote and distributed a series of pamphlets titled Cupid's Yokes, which condemned the institution of marriage as slavery to women.
Heywood himself is a frequent writer for The Word , and considers himself a "painter of the word," which refers to his own beliefs as a kind of "ethics" or "religion" to follow. He has written extensively on various topics, but is best known for his writings on sexuality. He believes that there is a certain moral code that men and women must follow. This is primarily applied to men, whom he believes must be obliged to control their sexual desires and take responsibility for their actions. This means, among other things, that they must recognize their illegitimate children rather than leaving their children and mothers to be stigmatized by society.
According to Heywood, women need to realize that they are also allowed to gain pleasure from sex. In some ways, however, Heywood did not subscribe to gender stereotypes at the time. For example, although she believes that women can feel sexual "passion", she does not think it is their nature to consider the possibility of sex without love, while men tend to do this.
In addition to his writings on sex, Heywood championed women's suffrage and wrote a vigorous argument against rape. He is a workers reformer, and believes rich women become "morally corrupt" because they are not working. He strongly defends prostitutes, blaming their poverty and despair on those who exploit them, while most people at that time only blame the women themselves for the institution of prostitution.
Heywood is also an anarchist and a spiritualist, meaning that he rejects government and church authorities. He believes the church is too restrictive in its treatment of female sexuality, and says that the "church-state grip" of sexual knowledge causes "women and labor" to be placed in "poverty-stricken" places. It is unclear why or when the church was not favored in his mind, but probably occurred between 1865, when he married in a church, and 1872, when he began writing for The Word, criticizing the church. Her husband's view that the church plays an excessive role in marriage may have influenced Heywood's heart change in this regard.
Heywood's anarchist conviction is strongly influenced by the fact that women have no right to vote. He supports women's suffrage, but believes that reforms alone will not be enough to change the ideology of government; women, he said, should not recognize the legitimacy of the state because the state does not recognize their rights. He even felt that the United States was "not a republican government," because the republic is meant for the people and the government only serves the needs of half the population.
Heywood was heavily influenced by the practice of Oneida New York Community, especially its leader, John Humphrey Noyes. This community has a strong belief in free love and operates on a "complex marriage" system, where every member of society is basically considered to be married to all other members of the community and can have sexual relations with whomever they choose. This relates to Heywood's dislike about the secrecy surrounding sexuality, and the possibility of influencing his writing for The Word .
Unfortunately, Heywoods lack of money meant that Angela had to spend a lot of time doing homework and had little time to write. He can not attend many conferences because he has to take care of the children. At one point, Ezra published a request for funds in the matter of The Word , wrote, "ATH needs money to free himself from too much homework, so he can give more time to write... Will can not afford financially male and female sympathizers help him 'articulate' by pouring cash? " The Word completely stopped publishing between 1890 and 1892 when Ezra was imprisoned and Angela did not have time to run it himself.
Over the years, Angela writes productively for The Word , and is often angry at Ezra for editing her essay and cutting off what she feels is an important part (though she has never censored her strong language). Although Angela contributed greatly to The Word , however, only Ezra was ever credited as an editor, except for six months in 1878 when she was in jail and Benjamin Tucker took over as his successor. However, Angela has always been considered an unofficial co-editor.
Criticism
Ezra's leaflets are often condemned by Anthony Comstock, the man behind the 1873 Comstock Act, which prohibits the circulation of "obscenity" in US letters. Ezra was jailed twice, once from June to December 1878 and again from June 1890 to June 1892.
While her husband is in jail, Heywood earns most of the family income by running the Mountain Home summer resort out of their home. He also got some money teaching and speaking at the conference. The Cooperative Publishing Company, although widely known, does not really make a lot of money, so the Heywood family is still very poor.
Heywood hates secrecy around sex and is often criticized for using explicit or obscene language in The Word . He also advocated appropriate sex education for children, especially for their mothers to teach. Although many people denounced the use of vulgar language, he felt strongly that he was being held to double standards. Heywood reasoned that "If humans say 'womb' without increasing heat or dishonest purpose, why should women not say 'penis' without a face flushed or ashamed? He wants to create "Sex-Unity," which he says is a balance between men and women in terms of freedom of speech.
He and Ezra are equally strong defenders of birth control for women; In fact, the second time Ezra was arrested, it was because he distributed pamphlets written by Angela about birth control. He is also the only obvious defender of abortion, expressing his support for women's right to control their own bodies in 1893. The mention of abortion by mail is currently prohibited by Comstock's Law and the procedure itself. also illegal, making Heywood stand out as a radical even among his reformist counterparts.
Heywood spoke at the New England Convention of Free New Jersey Convention in November in 1877 and was criticized by Anthony Comstock for his "obscenity." Many people believe he's crazy, while others (including some women, like Bostonian Laura C. Eldridge) believe he should go to jail for using the language. His brother-in-law Heywood (Ezra's brother, Samuel Heywood), did not like Ezra and Angela's very work so he confiscated their home in September 1878 while Ezra was imprisoned. Angela and her children had become homeless, until friends lent enough money to Heywoods to get their homes back.
Next life
The Word stopped publishing after Ezra's death in May 1893, and little is known about the rest of Angela's life, though neighbors remember that she "does daily work in an office building."
According to his daughter Psyche, Angela Heywood died at the age of 95 years.
Work
- Have a basic scientific love? In: "Woodhull & Claflin Weekly", March 1, 1873, p.Ã, 13
- Body Cleansing , in: Freedom, Feminism, and State. Overview of Individualist Feminism. Ed. Wendy McElroy. Holmes & amp; Meier, New York 1991 ISBNÃ, 0945999674 pp.Ã, 131-134
Note
References
- Dawson, Oswald (1897). Personal Rights and Sexual Harassment.
- Sure, Ernest (1974). The American Eve in Fact and Fiction 1775-1914. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
- Fout and Tantillo, John C. and Maura Shaw (1993). American Sexual Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Rosenbaum, Jennifer Ann (1999). A Fly in the Amber of Genius her husband. Master Thesis, Simmons College.
- Sears, Hal D. (1977). The Sex Radicals. Lawrence, Kansas: The Regent Press of Kansas.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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