Church Fathers

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The Father of the Church , The Early Church Father , The Christian , or The Fathers of the Church . There is no definitive list. The era of these scholars who established the theological and scientific foundation of Christianity largely ended in 700 AD.

In the past, Church Fathers were regarded as authoritative, and a more rigorous definition was used that sought to limit the list to the author being treated as such. However, the definition has widened because patristic scholars, the study of the Church Fathers, have expanded their scope.

Video Church Fathers

Great Fathers

In Western and Eastern Christianity, the four are called "Great Fathers", as follows: West Church: Ambrose (340-397), Jerome (347-420), Agustinus (354-430) and Gregory Agung (540-604)

The Eastern Church: The Great Basil (c. 329-379), Athanasius (c 296-373), Gregorius of Nazianzus (329Ã, â € "c.Ã, 389) and John Chrysostom (347-407)

In the Roman Catholic Church, they are also collectively called the "Eight Doctors of the Church", and in the Eastern Church, three of them (Basil the Great, Gregorius of Nazianzus and John Chrysostom) are respected as "Three Holy Hierarchies".

Maps Church Fathers

Apostolic Fathers

The earliest Fathers of the Church, (in the two generations of the Twelve Apostles of Christ) are usually called the Apostolic Fathers because the traditions describe them as they have been taught by the twelfth. The important Apostolic Fathers included Klemens from Rome, Ignatius of Antioch, Polikarpus Smirna, and Papias from Hierapolis. In addition, Didache and Shepherd Hermas are usually placed among the writings of the Apostolic Fathers although their authors are unknown; such as the works of Clement, Ignatius and Polycarp, they were first written in Greek Koine.

Clement of Rome

His letter, 1 Clement (c.Ã, 96), was copied and widely read in the Early Church. Clement called the Christians at Corinth to maintain harmony and order. This is the earliest Christian epistle other than the New Testament.

Ignatius of Antioch

Ignatius of Antioch (also known as Theophorus) (c.35-110) was the third bishop or Patriarch of Antioch and a disciple of the Apostle John. On the way to his martyrdom in Rome, Ignatius wrote a series of preserved letters. The important topics covered in these letters include ecclesiology, the sacraments, the role of the bishop, and the Incarnation of Christ. He is the second after Clement to mention Paul's letters.

Polycarp Smyrna

Polycarp Smyrna (c.Ã, Â ± 69Ã, Â ± 155) is a Christian bishop of Smyrna (now? Zmir in Turkey). Noted that he has been a disciple of "John." The choice for John is John, son of Zebedee, traditionally seen as the author of John's Gospel, or John Presbyter. Traditional supporters follow Eusebius by insisting that the apostolic relation of Polycarp with John the Evangelist, and that he is the author of the Gospel of John, and thus the Apostle John.

Polycarp tried and failed to persuade Pope Anicetus to have the West celebrate Easter on 14 Nisan, as in the East. Around 155, Smirnans demanded the execution of Polycarp as a Christian, and he died a martyr. The story of his martyrdom illustrates how the build fire around him will not burn him, and when he is stabbed to death, so much blood is removed from his body that he extinguishes fire around him. Polycarp is recognized as a saint in both the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Papias of Hierapolis

Very little is known about Papias irrespective of what can be inferred from his own writings. He is described as "an early man who was a listener of John and a companion of Polycarp" by Polycarp disciple Irenaeus (c 180). Eusebius adds that Papias was the Bishop of Hierapolis around the time of Ignatius of Antioch. In this office, Papias was allegedly succeeded by Abercius of Hierapolis. The name Papias is very common in the region, indicating that he may be a native of the area. The Papias work is dated by most modern scholars for about 95-120.

Although there are indications that Papias's work still existed in the late Middle Ages, the full text is now lost. The extract, however, appears in a number of other writings, some of which quote the book number

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Greek Father

Those who write in Greek are called the Greek Father (Church). In addition to the Apostolic Fathers, the famous Greeks include: Justin Martyr, Irenaeus of Lyons, Klemens Alexandria, Athanasius of Alexandria, John Chrysostom, Sirilus of Alexandria, Cappadocia of the Cases (Basil of Caesarea, Gregory Nazianzus, Gregory of Nyssa) , Peter of Sebaste, Maximus the Confessor, and John of Damascus.

Justin Martyr

Justin Martyr is considered the leading translator of Logos theory in the 2nd century.

Irenaeus of Lyons

Irenaeus is the bishop of Lugdunum in Gaul, which is now Lyon (s), France. His writings were formative in the early development of Christian theology, and he was recognized as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church. He was a famous early Christian apologist. He is also a disciple of Polycarp.

His most famous book, Against Heresies (c.180) mentions heresy and attacks them. Irenaeus wrote that the only way for Christians to maintain unity is to humbly accept a doctrinal authority - episcopal councils. Irenaeus proposes that the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John are all accepted as canonical.

Clement of Alexandria

Clement of Alexandria was the first member of the Alexandria church to be more than just a name, and one of the most prominent teachers. He unites the tradition of Greek philosophy with Christian doctrine and appreciates gnosis that with alliances for everyone can be held by general Christians. He developed Christian Platonism. Like Origenes, he rose from the Catalanese Alexandria School and was fluent in pagan literature.

Origen from Alexandria

Origen, or Origen Adamantius (c.185-c.254) is a scholar and theologian. According to tradition, he was an Egyptian who taught in Alexandria, reviving the School of Catechesis where Clement had taught. The Patriarch of Alexandria initially supported Origen but later expelled him for being ordained without patriarchal permission. He moved to Caesarea Maritima and died there after being tortured during the persecution.

Using his knowledge of Hebrew, he produced a corrected Septuagint. He wrote comments about all the books in the Bible. In the Elf Archon ( First Principle ), he articulates the first philosophical exposition of Christian doctrine. He interprets scripture allegory and shows himself as a brave, Neo-Pythagoras, and a Platonist. Like Plotinus, he writes that the soul passes successive stages before the incarnation as a human and after death, finally reaching God. He imagined that even Satan was reunited with God. For Origen, God is not Yahweh but the First Principle, and Christ, the Logos, is under it. His view of the hierarchical structure of the Trinity, the temporality of matter, "the existence of the great soul", and the "massive restoration which follows it" were expressed as anathema in the sixth century. Because of his perverted view, Origen is technically not a Church Father with many definitions of the term but may only be called an ecclesiastical writer.

Athanasius of Alexandria

Athanasius of Alexandria (c.293-2 May, 373) was a theologian, Pope of Alexandria, and a prominent Egyptian leader in the 4th century. He is remembered for his role in the conflict with Arianism and for his affirmation of the Trinity. At the First Council of Nica (325), Athanasius opposed the Arian doctrine that Christ was a different substance from the Father.

Father Cappadocian

The Cappadocian Fathers were the Great Basil (330-379), who was the bishop of Caesarea; Basil's younger brother, Gregory of Nyssa (c.332-395), who was bishop of Nyssa; and a close friend, Gregory of Nazianzus (329-389), who became the Patriarch of Constantinople. Cappadocia promoted early Christian theology and was well respected in both Western and Eastern churches as saints. They are a 4th-century monastic family, led by Saint Macrina the Younger (324-379) to provide a central place for his brothers to study and meditate, as well as to provide a peaceful refuge for their mother. Abbess Macrina cultivated the education and development of her three brothers, Basil the Great, Gregory of Nyssa and Peter of Sebaste (c.340 - 391) who became bishop of Sebaste.

These scholars set out to show that Christians can hold their own conversations with educated Greek-speaking intellectuals. They argue that the Christian faith, while against many Plato and Aristotelian ideas (and other Greek philosophers), is an almost scientific and distinctive movement with the healing of the human soul and union with God at its center. They contributed greatly to the definition of the Trinity which was completed at the First Council of Constantinople in 381 and the final version of the Nicene Creed.

After the First Council of Nicea, Arianism did not go away. The semi-Arians teach that the Son is like a substance with the Father (homoiousios), as against the blatant Arians who teach that the Son is not like the Father (heterousian). So the Son is considered as like of the Father but not of the same essence as the Father. The Cappadocians work to bring these semi-Arians back to the Orthodox cause. In their writings, they make extensive use of the formula "three substances (hypostases) in one essence (homoousia)", and thus explicitly acknowledge the distinction between the Father and the Son (the difference that Nicaea has been accused of obscuring) but at the same time insist on their essential unity.

John Chrysostom

John Chrysostom (c.347-c.407), the archbishop of Constantinople, is known for his eloquence in preaching and public speaking; his denial of abuse of authority by ecclesiastical and political leaders, recorded sermons and writings that made him the most productive of the eastern father, and the sensitivity of the ascetic. After his death (or according to some sources, during his life) he was given the nickname of Greek chrysostomos , meaning "golden mouthed", translated in English as Chrysostom.

Chrysostom is known in Christianity primarily as a preacher and a theologian, especially in the Eastern Orthodox Church; he is the patron saint of the orator in the Roman Catholic Church. Chrysostom is also noted for his eight sermons that played a major role in the history of Christian antisemitism, condemnation of Jews who were drawn up while a priest in Antioch, widely cited by the Nazis in their ideological campaign against the Jews.

Cyril from Alexandria

Cyril of Alexandria (c.378-444) was the bishop of Alexandria when the city was at the height of its influence and power within the Roman Empire. Cyril wrote extensively and was a leading protagonist in the Christological controversies in the late fourth and early fifth centuries. He was the central figure at the first Council of Ephesus in 431, which led to the conquest of Nestorius as Archbishop of Constantinople. Cyril's reputation in the Christian world has resulted in his titles "Pillars of Faith" and "a Handful of all Fathers".

Maximus the Confessor

Maximus the Confessor (also known as Maximus the Theologian and Maximus of Constantinople) (c.580-13 August 662) is a Christian monk, theologian, and scholar. Early in life, he was a civil servant and an assistant to the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius. However, he surrendered this life in the political sphere to enter a monastic life.

After moving to Carthage, Maximus studied several Neo-Platonic writers and became a famous writer. When one of his friends began to support the Christological position known as Monothelitism, Maximus was attracted to the controversy, in which he supported Chalcedon's position that Jesus had both humanity and divine will. Maximus is well respected in Eastern Christianity and Western Christianity. His Christological positions eventually resulted in his torture and exile, soon after he died. However, his theology was justified by the Third Council of Constantinople, and he was honored as a saint soon after his death. The feast is celebrated twice throughout the year: on January 21 and August 13. The title of his confession means that he suffered by faith, but not until death, and thus distinguished from a martyr. His life is considered as Mary's earliest complete biography, the mother of Jesus.

John of Damascus

Saint John of Damascus (676-4 December 749) was a Syrian Christian monk and priest. Born and raised in Damascus, he died in his monastery, Mar Saba, near Jerusalem.

A polymath whose fields of interest and contribution include law, theology, philosophy, and music, prior to ordination, he serves as the chief administrator for the Muslim Caliph of Damascus, writing works that outline the Christian faith, and compose hymns still in use. in Eastern Christian monasteries. The Catholic Church considers him a Doctor of the Church, often referred to as the Doctor of the Assumption because of his writings on the Assumption of Mary.

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Latin Father

The fathers who write in Latin are called the Latin Father (Church).

Tertullian

Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus (c.155-c.222), converted to Christianity before 197, is the productive author of apologetic, theological, controversial and ascetic works. He was born in Carthage, the son of a Roman officer.

Tertullian denounces Christian doctrines he considers deviant, but later in life adopts Montanism, perceived as heretical by the mainstream Church, which prevents its canonization. He wrote three books in Greek and was the first major writer of Latin Christianity, thus sometimes known as the "Father of the Latin Church". He is clearly a lawyer in Rome. He is said to have introduced the Latin term trinity relating to the Divine (Trinity) to the Christian vocabulary (but Theophilus of Antioch has written of the "Trinity, God, and His Word, and He wisdom," which is similar but is not synonymous with Trinitarian words), and possibly also the formula "three Persons, one Substance" as Latin " tres Personae, una Substantia " (itself from Koine Greek "?????? treas Hypostases, Homoousios ), as well as the term "vetus testamentum" (Old Testament) and novum testamentum (New Testament).

In his book Apologeticus he was the first Latin writer to qualify Christianity as vera religio, and systematically alienated the classical Roman Empire and other cultures into "superstitious" positions.

Later, Tertullian joined the Montanists, a heretical sect that drew his intense attention. He used the symbol of the early church for fish - the Greek word for "fish" to be ????? which is an acronym for ?????? ???????, ???? ????, ????? (Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior) - to explain the meaning of baptism because fish are born in water. He writes that humans are like little fish.

Cyprian of Carthage

St. Cyprian (Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus) (died September 14, 258) was the bishop of Carthage and an important early Christian writer. He was born in North Africa, probably at the beginning of the 3rd century, probably at Carthage, where he received excellent classical (pagan) education. After converting to Christianity, he became a bishop and eventually died a martyr at Carthage. He emphasized the need for Christian unity with their bishops, as well as the authority of the Roman Throne, which he claims to be the source of "unity of the priesthood".

Hilary of Poitiers

Hilary of Poitiers (c.300 - c.368) is Bishop of Poitiers and a Doctor of the Church. He is sometimes referred to as "Hammer of the Arians" (Latin: Malleus Arianorum) and "Athanasius of the West." His name comes from the Greek word for happy or cheerful. The warning of his choice in the Roman Catholic saint's calendar is January 13th. In the past, when this date was occupied by Octaf Day of the Epiphany, its feast was moved to 14 January.

Ambrose Milan

Saint Ambrose is the archbishop of Milan who became one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures in the 4th century. He is counted as one of the four original doctors of the Church. He offers a new perspective on the theory of redemption.

Pope Damasus I

The Pope Damasus I (305 - 384) is active in defending the Catholic Church against the threat of disunity. In two Roman synods (368 and 369) he condemned the heresy of Apollinarianism and Macedonianism, and sent envoys (whaling representatives) to the First Council of Constantinople who was persuaded in 381 to deal with these heretics. He also wrote to defend the authority of Roman See, and inaugurate the use of Latin in Mass, not the Koine Greek still used throughout the Church in the west in the liturgy.

Jerome from Stridonium

Jerome (c.347-30 of September 420) is best known as the translator of the Bible from Greek and Hebrew into Latin. He is also a Christian apologist. The Jerome Bible edition, Vulgate , is still an important Catholic text. He is recognized by the Roman Catholic Church as a Doctor of the Church.

Augustine of Hippo

Augustine (13 November 354-28 August 430), Bishop Hippo, was a philosopher and theologian. Augustine, a Latin Father and Doctor of the Church, was one of the most important figures in the development of Western Christianity. In his early life, Augustine read widely in Greek-Roman rhetoric and philosophy, including the works of the Platonists like Plotinus. He framed the concepts of original sin and only war as understood in the West. When Rome fell and the faith of many Christians was shaken, Augustine wrote The City of God, where he defended Christianity from pagan critics and developed the concept of the Church as the spiritual City of God, different from the material Human City. Augustine's work defines the beginnings of a medieval worldview, a view that would later be confirmed strongly by Pope Gregory the Great.

Augustine was born in Algeria today to a Christian mother, Saint Monica. He was educated in North Africa and refused his mother's request to become a Christian. He takes a concubine and becomes a Manichean. He then converted to Christianity, became a bishop, and opposed heresy, like Pelagianism. Many of his works - including The Confessions, often called the first Western autobiography - have been read continuously since his lifetime. The Roman Catholic religious order, the Order of Saint Augustine, adopted his name and way of life. Augustine is also the patron saint of many institutions and a number of names have been named according to him.

Pope Gregory the Great

Saint Gregory the Great (c.540-12 March 604) was a pope from 3 September 590 until his death. He is also known as Gregory Dialogus ( Gregory the Dialogist ) in Eastern Orthodox because of his Dialogue . He was the first of the popes from a monastic background. St. Gregory was a Doctor of the Church and one of the four great Latin Fathers of the Church (the others were Ambrose, Augustine, and Jerome). Of all the popes, Gregory most influenced the early medieval church.

Isidore of Seville

Saint Isidore of Seville (Spanish: San Isidro or San Isidoro de Sevilla, Latin: Isidorus Hispalensis) (c.560-4 April 636) was Archbishop of Seville for more than three decades and considered, as the historian Montalembert writes in a a frequently quoted phrase, "le dernier savant du monde ancien" ("the last scholar of the ancient world"). Indeed, all the writing of medieval history of Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula, made up of modern Spanish and Portuguese) is based on its history.

At the time of the disintegration of classical culture and aristocratic and illiterate violence, he was involved in the conversion of Visigothic Arians to Catholicism, both of whom helped his brother Leander of Seville and continued after the death of his brother. He was influential in the inner circle of Sisebut, the Visigothic king of Hispania. Like Leander, he played an important role in the Council of Toledo and Sevilla. Visigothic legislation resulting from these councils is considered by modern historians as having an important influence at the beginning of representative government.

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Syriac Creatures

Some Church Fathers write in Syriac; many of their works are also widely translated into Latin and Greek.

Aphrahat

Aphrahat (c. 270-c.345) was a third-century Syrian-Christian writer from the Adiabene region of northern Mesopotamia, within the Persian Empire, who composed a series of twenty-three expositions or homily on Christian points. doctrine and practice. He was born in Persia about 270, but all his known works, Demonstrations, came from later in his life. He was an ascetic and celibate, and almost certainly a covenant son (an early form of Syria from a communal monastic). He may be a bishop, and the Syrian tradition then places him in the abbot of Mar Matti near Mosul, where it is now northern Iraq. He is a contemporary close to Ephrem who is slightly younger than Syria, but the latter lives within the scope of the Roman Empire. Called Persian Sage (Suryani: ????????? ?,? AkkÃÆ'®mÃÆ' Â ¢ p? ? rs? y?), Aphrahat witnessed the concern of the early church beyond the eastern border of the Roman Empire.

Ephrem the Syria

Ephrem the Syria (ca. 306 - 373) was a Syriac deacon and a productive Syrian hiknographer and a fourth-century theologian from the Syrian region. His works are praised by Christians all over the world, and many denominations adore him as a saint. He has been declared a Doctor of the Church in the Roman Catholic Church. He is especially loved in the Syrian Orthodox Church.

Ephrem writes various kinds of hymns, poems, and sermons in the verse, as well as the prose of biblical interpretation. These are the works of practical theology for church coaching in difficult times. So popular was his work, that, for centuries after his death, Christian writers wrote hundreds of pseudepigraphal works in his name. He has been called the most significant of all fathers of the Syrian-speaking church tradition.

Isaac of Antioch

Isaac of Antioch (451-452), one of Syrian literary stars, is a well-known writer of a large number of muscular homilies (The most complete list, by Gustav Bickell, contains 191 still present in the MSS), many of which are distinguished by originality and sharpness which is rare among Syriac writers.

Isaac from Nineveh

Isaac of Nineveh is a noted 7th-century Assyrian bishop and theologian for his work. He is also regarded as a saint in the Eastern Church, the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church and among the Oriental Orthodox Churches, making him the last holy saint who is chronologically acknowledged by any Apostolic Church. The feast falls on January 28th. Isaac is remembered for his spiritual homilies of inner life, which has the breadth of humanity and the theological depth that goes beyond Nestorian Christianity in his Church. They survived the Syrian manuscripts and in Greek and Arabic translations.

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Desert Dad

Desert Desert is the early monk living in the Egyptian desert; though they did not write that much, their influence was also great. Among them are Anthony the Great and Pachomius. Many of them, usually short, speeches are collected at Apophthegmata Patrum ("The Spokespots of the Desert").

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Modern position

In the Roman Catholic Church, John of Damascus, who lived in the 8th century, is generally regarded as a Doctor of the Church and at the same time the first seed of the period of the next church writer, scholastic. The Eastern Orthodox Church does not consider the age of the Church Fathers to come to an end and includes influential writers later to this day. The Orthodox view is that men do not have to approve every detail, let alone be infallible, to be regarded as the Father of the Church. On the contrary, Orthodox doctrine is determined by the consensus of the Holy Fathers - the points they approve. This consensus leads the church into questions of dogma, the correct interpretation of the scriptures, and to distinguish the authentic authentic Church tradition from false doctrines.

The original Lutheran Augsburg Recognition in 1530, for example, and then Formula Concord from 1576-1584, each begins with the mention of the doctrine adopted by the Fathers of the First Nice Council.

Although much of Protestant religious thought is based on Sola Scriptura (the principle that the Bible itself is the ultimate authority in doctrinal matters), the first Protestant reformers, such as Catholic and Orthodox churches, used the theological interpretation of the book sanctified by the early Church Fathers. John Calvin's French Confession of 1559 states, "And we confess to what the ancient council has established, and we hate all sects and heresies rejected by holy doctors, such as St. Hilary, St. Athanasius, St. Ambrose, and St. Cyril. "The Scots Confession of 1560 dealt with the general council in chapter 20. Thirty-nine Articles The Church of England, both authentic from 1562-1571 and the American version 1801, explicitly accepts the Nicene Creed in chapter 7. Even when a certain Protestant creed formula does not mention the Council of Nicea or its beliefs. However, his doctrine was always stated, as, for example, in the Presbyterian Westminster Confession in 1647. Many Protestant seminaries provide courses on Patristic as part of their curriculum, and many historic Protestant churches emphasize the importance of tradition and fathers in scripture interpretation. This emphasis is even more evident in certain Protestant schools of thought, such as Paleo-Orthodoxy.

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Patristic

The study of the Church Fathers is known as "Patristic".

The works of the early Christian father, prior to Christian Nicea, were translated into English in the collection of the 19th century Ante-Nicene Fathers. The people of the First Council of Nicaea and continued through the Second Council of Nicea (787) were collected in Nicene and the Post-Nicene Father.

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See also

• Confessor of the Faith
• Doctors of the Church
• The Great Church
• The historiography of early Christianity
• List of the Church Fathers
• List of Eastern Orthodox saints
• European Sacred Guard
• The sacred tradition

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References

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External links

• ChurchFathers.org - All Church Fathers are grouped by topic. Find the writings by the Fathers about everything from the Eucharist, baptism, to the Virgin Mary, to the Pope
• The Church Fathers work in English edited by Philip Schaff, in the Christian Classic Ethereal Library
• The Church Father on Patristic Project Sites In England
• The Early Church Fathers Additional Texts Part of the Tertullian corpus.
• Quotes from Defensor Grammaticus
• Quotes from the Church Fathers
• Fathers, Scholastics, and Yourself by von Balthasar
• The Faulkner University Patristic Project A collection of patristic and high-resolution translation translations of comprehensive Patrologia compiled by J. P. Migne.
• Primary to the Church Fathers in Corunum
• Early Church Fathers Write Ante Nicene, Nicene, and Post Nicene Fathers
• Posts from church fathers at www.goarch.com.
• The Church Fathers: The New Translation, by Dr. Roy Joseph Deferrari (1890-1969) and Dr. Ludwig Schopp (June 16, 1949) [1] [2], founder and editorial director. Jobs hosted on the Internet Archive
• Migne Patrologia Latina and Graeca: free digital edition of almost all original text.
• Early Church Fathers: Early Church History in Portraits

Source of the article : Wikipedia