Holocaust denial was the act of denying Jewish genocide in the Holocaust during World War II. Often include the following claims: The Nazi Germany's Final Solution was aimed only at deporting the Jews of the Reich but not including the extermination of the Jews; that the Nazi authorities did not use slaughter camps and gas chambers to kill Jews en masse; or that the actual number of murdered Jews is significantly lower than the historically accepted amount of 5 to 6 million, usually about a tenth of that number. Because Holocaust denial is a common aspect of certain racist propaganda, it is considered a serious social problem in many places where it occurs and is illegal in some European countries and Israel.
Scholars use the term denial to describe the views and methodology of Holocaust deniers to distinguish them from legitimate historical revisionists, who challenge the orthodox interpretation of history by using established historical methodologies. Holocaust denials generally do not accept the rejection as a proper description of their activities and use euphemisms of revisionism instead. The methodology of the Holocaust denial is often based on predetermined conclusions that ignore tremendous historical evidence to the contrary.
Most Holocaust denials claim, either explicitly or implicitly, that the Holocaust is a hoax - or the most exaggerated - arising from a deliberate Jewish conspiracy designed to advance the interests of the Jews at the expense of others. For this reason, Holocaust denial is generally regarded as a conspiracy theories of anti-myth.
Video Holocaust denial
Terminologi dan etimologi
Holocaust denials prefer to refer to their work as historical revisionism, and objects referred to as "deniers". Deborah Lipstadt has written that: "The selection of people who belie the revisionist name to describe themselves is an indication of the basic strategy of deception and distortion and their attempt to portray themselves as legitimate historians engaged in traditional practices illuminating the past." Scholars consider this to be misleading, because the Holocaust denial method differs from the legitimate method of historical revision. Legitimate historical revisionism is described in a resolution adopted by the Department of History of Duke University, 8 November 1991, and reprinted on the Duke Chronicle November 13, 1991 in response to an advertisement produced by the Bradley R. Smith Committee to Open the Debate about the Holocaust:
That historians continue to engage in historical revisions is certainly true; However, what historians do is very different from this ad. The historical revision of great events... has nothing to do with the actuality of these events; more precisely, it concerns their historical interpretation - its causes and its consequences in general.
Lipstadt writes that modern Holocaust denials draw inspiration from various sources, including schools of thought using established methods to question government policy.
In 1992, Donald L. Niewyk provided examples of how legitimate historical revisionism - a reexamination of the history it received and its updates with newly discovered, more accurate, or less biased information - could be applied to the study of the Holocaust as new facts emerged for change its historical understanding:
With the major features of the Holocaust clearly visible to everyone except the blind, historians have turned their attention to aspects of the story whose evidence is incomplete or ambiguous. These are not minor things by any means, but ignite issues such as Hitler's role in the event, Jewish response to the persecution, and reaction by audiences both inside and outside Nazi-controlled Europe.
In contrast, the Holocaust denial movement bases its approach to the predetermined idea that the Holocaust, as understood by mainstream historiography, does not occur. Sometimes referred to as "negationism", from the French term nÃÆ' Â © gationnisme introduced by Henry Rousso, Holocaust deniers seek to rewrite history by minimizing, denying or ignoring important facts. Koenraad Elst writes:
Negationism means the rejection of historical crimes against humanity. This is not a known factual reinterpretation, but a known rejection of facts. The term negationism has earned currency as the name of the movement to deny certain crimes against humanity, the Nazi genocide on the Jews in 1941-45, also known as the holocaust (Greek: complete burning) or Shoah (i) Hebrew: disaster). Negationism is largely identified with the effort of rewriting history in such a way that the fact of the Holocaust is eliminated.
Maps Holocaust denial
Background: staking claims about post-war Holocaust historiography
Attempt to hide history records
German efforts
While the Second World War was still going on, the Nazis had formed an emergency plan that in case of defeat, they would do a total destruction of German records.
Historians have documented evidence that when Germany's defeat became imminent and Nazi leaders realized that it was likely they would be arrested and brought to justice, great efforts were made to destroy all evidence of mass destruction. Heinrich Himmler instructed his camp commander to destroy records, crematoriums, and other signs of genocide. As one of many examples, the body of 25,000 Latvian Jews who Friedrich Jeckeln and his army under command had shot at Rumbula (near Riga) at the end of 1941 was excavated and burned in 1943. Similar operations were carried out in Belzec, Treblinka and other death camps. In Posen's famous speeches in October 1943 as of October 4, Himmler explicitly refers to the extermination of European Jews and further states that genocide must be kept permanently secret:
I also want to refer here frankly to a very difficult problem. We can now openly discuss this among ourselves, but we will never discuss this openly. Just as we did not hesitate on June 30, 1934, to do our duty as instructed and to place friends who failed against the wall and execute them, we also never talked about it, and we will never talk about it. Let us thank God that we are strong enough in ourselves to never discuss it between us, and we never talk about it. Everyone feels horrified, but everyone clearly understands that we will do it another time, when an order is given and when it becomes necessary. Now I refer to the evacuation of the Jews, to the extermination of the Jews.
French collaboration in file destruction
In occupied France, the situation with respect to the preservation of war records is not much better, partly as a result of the French pre-war rectification rules aimed at protecting the French government and the country from embarrassing revelations, and partly to avoid mistakes. For example, in Liberation, the Police Prefectural destroyed almost all major archives of Jewish arrest and deportation.
Attempts to preserve historical records
During the war
One of the earliest attempts to rescue Holocaust historical records occurred during the war, in France, where the records of Drancy's internation camp were carefully guarded and handed over to the new French Veterans and War Victims Bureau; However, the bureau then detained them in secret, refusing to release a copy later, even to the Contemporary Jewish Documentation Center (CDJC).
In 1943, Isaac Schneersohn, anticipating the need for the center to document and preserve the memory of the persecution for historical reasons and also to support postwar claims, gathered together 40 representatives of the Jewish organizations in Grenoble under Italian occupation at that time in order to form > center de documentation . Exposure means the death penalty, and consequently little happens before the release. Serious work began after the center was moved to Paris in late 1944 and renamed to CDJC.
The immediate post-war period
In 1945, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander, anticipated that one day efforts would be made to relive Nazi crime documentation as propaganda and take steps to counter it:
The same day I saw my first horror camp. It was near the city of Gotha. I have never been able to describe my emotional reaction when I first encountered unassailable Nazi evidence and ignored every decency. Until then I only know it in general or through a secondary source. I'm sure however, that I never felt the same shock
I visited every nook and cranny of the camp because I felt it was my duty to be in a position since then to testify at first hand about these things if there was a belief or supposition that "the story of Nazi brutality is only propaganda". Several members of the visiting group were unable to proceed with the ordeal. I not only did so but as soon as I returned to Patton headquarters that night I sent communications to Washington and London, urging both governments to immediately send to Germany a group of newspaper editors and a group of representatives from the national legislature. I feel that the evidence must be immediately placed before the American and British public in a way that will not leave room for cynical doubts.
Eisenhower, after finding the death-camp survivor, ordered all possible photographs taken, and for the Germans from the surrounding villages to be escorted through the camp and even made to bury the dead. He wrote to General George Marshall after visiting the German internment camp near Gotha, Germany:
The visual evidence and verbal testimony of hunger, cruelty, and ambivalence are so powerful that it makes me sick a bit. In one room, where they had stacked twenty or thirty naked men, killed by famine, George Patton would not even enter. He said that he would be ill if he did. I deliberately visit, in order to provide the first-hand evidence of these things if ever, in the future, there is a tendency to develop this allegation only for "propaganda".
Nuremberg Court
The Nuremberg Trials took place in Germany after the war of 1945-1946. The stated goal is to uphold justice in retaliation for the atrocities of the German government. The Allies intent to administer postwar justice was first announced in 1943 in the Declaration of German Crimes in European Countries Occupied and reaffirmed at the Yalta Conference and in Berlin in 1945. While that intention was not specifically to preserve historical records of the Holocaust, some of the core documents required to hear cases were given to them by the CDJC, and many of the major archives were later transferred to the CDJC after the trial and became the core of future Holocaust historiography.
The Nuremberg Trial is historically important, but the events are still very new, television is still in its early stages and is not there, and there is little public impact. There are moments of isolation from the limited public consciousness of Hollywood movies such as The Diary of Anne Frank (1959) or 1961 Judgment in Nuremberg which has some footage from the scene the realities of the liberal camps of Nazi concentration included a scene of piles of naked corpses that were laid out and bulldozed into large holes, which were considered very unusual for the time being. Public awareness changed when Eichmann's trial focused the world fifteen years after Nuremberg.
Adolf Eichmann Court
In 1961, the Israeli government arrested Adolf Eichmann in Argentina and brought it to Israel for trial for war crimes. The intention of prosecutor Gideon Hausner not only to show Eichmann's mistakes personally but to present material about the entire Holocaust, resulting in a comprehensive record.
The Israeli government regulates trials to have outstanding media coverage. Many major newspapers from around the world sent reporters and published coverage on the front page. The Israelis got a chance to watch live television from the process, and video footage was flown daily to the United States for airing the next day.
History and development of Holocaust denial after World War II
Immediately after the war, prior to extensive alleged documentation by the allied forces, distrust caused many to deny the initial report on the Holocaust. This mix of mistrust is the memory of the fake newspaper accounts of the German Corpse Factory, an anti-German propaganda campaign widely known as a fake in 1945.
During the 1930s, the Nazi government used this propaganda against the British, claiming concentration camps were an evil lie put forward by the British government, and historians Joachim Neander and Randal Marlin noted that the story "encouraged future distrust when early reports were circulating about the Holocaust under Hitler ". Victor Cavendish-Bentinck, chairman of the British Joint Intelligence Committee, notes that these reports are similar to "the story of the work of a human corpse during the last war for the manufacture of fat which is a strange lie"; Similarly, The Christian Century commented that "The parallel between this story and the 'factory dead' cruelty story of the First World War is too conspicuous to be ignored." Neander notes that "There is no doubt that the commercial use of murdered Jewish corpses undermines the credibility of the news coming from Poland and delayed actions that might save many lives of Jews."
The Neo-Nazi movement has been revitalized by the Holocaust denial. A small number of Neo-Nazis realized that recreational Hitlerite style regimes might not be possible, but replicas might be produced in the future, and realized that to rehabilitate Nazism needed discredit the Holocaust. Harry Elmer Barnes
Harry Elmer Barnes, at one time a mainstream American historian, took the Holocaust-denial stance in his final years. Between World War I and World War II, Barnes became an anti-war writer and leader of the historical revisionist movement. Beginning in 1924, Barnes worked closely with the Center for the Study of the Cause of War, a German-funded think tank whose primary purpose was to disseminate the official government position that Germany was a victim of Allied aggression in 1914 and that the Versailles Treaty was morally invalid. Led by Major Alfred von Wegerer, a vÃÆ'¶lkisch activist, the organization describes itself as a scientific society, but historians then describe it as a "clearinghouse for the officially desirable view of the outbreak of war."
After World War II, Barnes became convinced that allegations made against Germany and Japan, including the Holocaust, were wartime propaganda that had been used to justify US involvement in World War II. Barnes claims that there are two false claims made about World War II, namely that Germany started the war in 1939, and the Holocaust, which Barnes claimed did not happen.
In his 1962 pamphlet, Revisionism and Brainwashing, Barnes claims that there is "less serious opposition or common challenge to stories of cruelty and other defamation modes of German national character and behavior". Barnes argues that there is "a failure to show the allies' brutality more brutal, painful, mortal and much more than the most extreme charges against Germany". He claimed that in order to justify the "horrors and wickedness of the Second World War", the Allies made the Nazi "scapegoat" for their own mistakes.
Barnes cites the rejection of the French Holocaust, Paul Rassinier, whom Barnes calls a "prominent French historian" who has exposed "the magnifying of stories of atrocities". In a 1964 article, "Zionist Fraud", published in American Mercury, Barnes writes: "The brave author [Rassinier] puts a major blunder for being mistaken in the people we should call cremator fraudsters, politicians Israel who receives billions of marks from a non-existent, mythical and imaginary carcass, whose numbers have been calculated in an unusual and dishonest way. "Using Rassinier as its source, Barnes claims that Germany was a victim of aggression in 1914 and 1939, and that reports on The Holocaust is a propaganda to justify the war of aggression against Germany.
The beginning of the modern rejection movement
In 1961, a protég © © Barnes, David Hoggan, publishes the Kieneg erzwungene Krieg (Forced War in West Germany), which claims that Germany has been the victim of the Anglo- Poland in 1939. Although the Kieneg Der erzwungene was primarily concerned with the origins of World War II, it also decreased or confirmed the effects of Nazi antisemitism in the pre-1939 period. For example, Hoggan justified a large billion Reich-a good mark worn throughout the Jewish community in Germany after 1938 Kristallnacht as a reasonable move to prevent what he call "Jewish profiteering" at the expense of German insurance companies and allege that no Jews were killed in Kristallnacht (in fact, 91 German Jews perished in Kristallnacht). Furthermore, Hoggan explicitly rejected the Holocaust in 1969 in a book entitled Myth Six Million, published by Noontide Press, a small Los Angeles publisher specializing in antisemit literature.
In 1964, Paul Rassinier published The Drama of the European Jews. Rassinier himself was a concentration camp victim (he was arrested at Buchenwald for helping French Jews escape Nazis), and modern deniers continue to quote his works as scientific research questioning the facts received from Holocaust. Critics argue that Rassinier does not cite evidence for his claims and ignores information contrary to his statements; he remained influential in the Holocaust denial circle for being one of the first denials to suggest that the great Zionist/Allied/Soviet conspiracy faked the Holocaust, a theme that would be taken several years later by other writers.
Austin App, a medieval English literary professor at La Salle University, is considered the first inhabitant of the major American denier holocaust. The app defended Germany and Nazi Germany during World War II. He published many articles, letters, and books about the Holocaust denial, quickly building loyal followers. App Works inspires the Institute for Historical Review, a California center founded in 1978 whose primary task is denial of the holocaust.
Arthur Butz's Publication The Hoax of the Twentieth Century: The case against the alleged destruction of European Jews in 1976; and David Irving's Hitler's War in 1977 brought other individuals who tended equally into groups. Butz is a professor of electrical engineering at Northwestern University. In December 1978 and January 1979, Robert Faurisson, a professor of French literature at the University of Lyon, wrote two letters to Le Monde claiming that the gas chamber used by the Nazis to exterminate Jews did not exist.. A colleague of Faurisson, Jean-Claude Pressac, who originally shared Faurisson's views, later became convinced of the Holocaust's evidence while investigating documents at Auschwitz in 1979. He published his conclusions along with much of the underlying evidence in his 1989 book, Auschwitz: Gas room engineering and operation .
Henry Bienen, former president of Northwestern University, has described Arthur Butz's view of the Holocaust as "an embarrassment to Northwestern". In 2006, six Butz colleagues from the Department of Electrical Engineering and the Faculty of Computer Science signed a condemnation explaining Butz's rejection of the Holocaust as "an affront to humanity and our standards as scholars". The letter also asked Butz to "leave our Department and our University and stop trading on our reputation for academic excellence".
Institute for Historical Review
In 1978 Willis Carto founded the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), an organization dedicated to openly challenging the historically accepted Holocaust history. The IHR establishment was inspired by Austin App, a medieval English literature professor at La Salle and considered to be the first major denier holocaust in America. The IHR attempted from the outset to establish itself in the widespread tradition of historical revisionism by asking supporters for signs not originating from neo-Nazi backgrounds such as James J. Martin and Samuel Edward Konkin III, and by promoting the writings of French socialist Paul Rassinier and anti-historian - American war Harry Elmer Barnes, in an attempt to show that Holocaust denial has a support base outside the neo-Nazi. IHR republished most of Barnes's writings, which had not been printed since his death. While it includes articles on other topics and books sold by mainstream historians, the majority of the material published and distributed by the IHR is devoted to questioning the facts surrounding the Holocaust.
In 1980, the IHR promised a $ 50,000 prize to anyone who could prove that Jews were gassed at Auschwitz. Mel Mermelstein wrote letters to editors of the LA Times and others including The Jerusalem Post . The IHR rewrote, offering $ 50,000 for evidence that Jews were, in fact, gassed in gas chambers at Auschwitz. Mermelstein, in turn, filed a certified report about his detention at Auschwitz and how he witnessed Nazi guards delivering his mother and two sisters and the others to (as he learned later) gas chamber number five. Nevertheless, IHR refused to pay the prize. Represented by public interest lawyer William John Cox, Mermelstein then sued IHR in Los Angeles County Superior Court for breach of contract, anticipatory denial, defamation, adverse rejection of existing facts, intentional suffering of emotional distress, and declaration assistance ( see case number C 356 542). On October 9, 1981, the two sides in the Mermelstein case filed a motion for a summary ruling with the consideration of Judge Thomas T. Johnson of the Los Angeles County Superior Court taking "legal notice of the fact that Jews were killed by gas to death at Auschwitz. in Poland during the summer of 1944, "a court notice which means that the court treats gas chambers as general knowledge, and therefore does not require proof that gas chambers exist. On 5 August 1985, Judge Robert A. Wenke entered the court under the Stipulation for Entry of Decisions agreed upon by the parties on 22 July 1985. The ruling required the IHR and other defendants to pay $ 90,000 to Mermelstein and to issue a letter of apology to "Mr. Mel Mermelstein, a survivor of Auschwitz-Birkenau and Buchenwald, and all other Auschwitz victims "because of their" pain, suffering, and suffering ".
In the statement "About IHR" on their website, the IHR states, "IHR does not 'deny' the Holocaust.Indeed, such an IHR has no 'position' on any particular event...." Commentators and historians have noted the misleading nature of statements by IHR that they are not denying the Holocaust. Paul Rauber writes that:
The question [whether the IHR denies the Holocaust] appears to activate the Humpty-Dumpty IHR word game with the word Holocaust. According to Mark Weber, associate editor of the IHR Journal of Historical Review [now Director of IHR], "If by 'Holocaust' you mean political persecution of Jews, some murders are scattered, if what you mean is a cruel thing, some deny it, but if someone says that 'Holocaust' means the systematic extermination of the six to eight million Jews in the concentration camp, that's what we think there is no evidence for that. "That is, the IHR does not deny that the Holocaust happened; they simply deny that the word 'Holocaust' means what people usually use for it.
According to the British historian from Germany Richard J. Evans:
Like many individual Holocaust denials, the Institute as a body denies that it is involved in Holocaust denial. It is called a 'smear' which is 'completely different from the fact' because 'revisionist scholars' such as Faurisson, Butz and bestselling British historian David Irving recognize that hundreds of thousands of Jews were killed and declared killed during the Second World War as a direct and indirect result from the harsh anti-Jewish policies of Germany and its allies'. But the concession that a small number of routinely killed Jews were used by Holocaust deniers to distract from the fact that is far more important than their refusal to recognize that the number reaches millions, and that most of these victims are systematically killed by gassing also by shooting.
Bradley Smith and the Committee for Open Debates on the Holocaust
Bradley Smith and the Open Debate Committee on Holocaust
Harry Elmer Barnes, at one time a mainstream American historian, took the Holocaust-denial stance in his final years. Between World War I and World War II, Barnes became an anti-war writer and leader of the historical revisionist movement. Beginning in 1924, Barnes worked closely with the Center for the Study of the Cause of War, a German-funded think tank whose primary purpose was to disseminate the official government position that Germany was a victim of Allied aggression in 1914 and that the Versailles Treaty was morally invalid. Led by Major Alfred von Wegerer, a vÃÆ'¶lkisch activist, the organization describes itself as a scientific society, but historians then describe it as a "clearinghouse for the officially desirable view of the outbreak of war."
After World War II, Barnes became convinced that allegations made against Germany and Japan, including the Holocaust, were wartime propaganda that had been used to justify US involvement in World War II. Barnes claims that there are two false claims made about World War II, namely that Germany started the war in 1939, and the Holocaust, which Barnes claimed did not happen.
In his 1962 pamphlet, Revisionism and Brainwashing, Barnes claims that there is "less serious opposition or common challenge to stories of cruelty and other defamation modes of German national character and behavior". Barnes argues that there is "a failure to show the allies' brutality more brutal, painful, mortal and much more than the most extreme charges against Germany". He claimed that in order to justify the "horrors and wickedness of the Second World War", the Allies made the Nazi "scapegoat" for their own mistakes.
Barnes cites the rejection of the French Holocaust, Paul Rassinier, whom Barnes calls a "prominent French historian" who has exposed "the magnifying of stories of atrocities". In a 1964 article, "Zionist Fraud", published in American Mercury, Barnes writes: "The brave author [Rassinier] puts a major blunder for being mistaken in the people we should call cremator fraudsters, politicians Israel who receives billions of marks from a non-existent, mythical and imaginary carcass, whose numbers have been calculated in an unusual and dishonest way. "Using Rassinier as its source, Barnes claims that Germany was a victim of aggression in 1914 and 1939, and that reports on The Holocaust is a propaganda to justify the war of aggression against Germany.
The beginning of the modern rejection movement
In 1961, a protég © © Barnes, David Hoggan, publishes the Kieneg erzwungene Krieg (Forced War in West Germany), which claims that Germany has been the victim of the Anglo- Poland in 1939. Although the Kieneg Der erzwungene was primarily concerned with the origins of World War II, it also decreased or confirmed the effects of Nazi antisemitism in the pre-1939 period. For example, Hoggan justified a large billion Reich-a good mark worn throughout the Jewish community in Germany after 1938 Kristallnacht as a reasonable move to prevent what he call "Jewish profiteering" at the expense of German insurance companies and allege that no Jews were killed in Kristallnacht (in fact, 91 German Jews perished in Kristallnacht). Furthermore, Hoggan explicitly rejected the Holocaust in 1969 in a book entitled Myth Six Million, published by Noontide Press, a small Los Angeles publisher specializing in antisemit literature.
In 1964, Paul Rassinier published The Drama of the European Jews. Rassinier himself was a concentration camp victim (he was arrested at Buchenwald for helping French Jews escape Nazis), and modern deniers continue to quote his works as scientific research questioning the facts received from Holocaust. Critics argue that Rassinier does not cite evidence for his claims and ignores information contrary to his statements; he remained influential in the Holocaust denial circle for being one of the first denials to suggest that the great Zionist/Allied/Soviet conspiracy faked the Holocaust, a theme that would be taken several years later by other writers.
Austin App, a medieval English literary professor at La Salle University, is considered the first inhabitant of the major American denier holocaust. The app defended Germany and Nazi Germany during World War II. He published many articles, letters, and books about the Holocaust denial, quickly building loyal followers. App Works inspires the Institute for Historical Review, a California center founded in 1978 whose primary task is denial of the holocaust.
Arthur Butz's Publication The Hoax of the Twentieth Century: The case against the alleged destruction of European Jews in 1976; and David Irving's Hitler's War in 1977 brought other individuals who tended equally into groups. Butz is a professor of electrical engineering at Northwestern University. In December 1978 and January 1979, Robert Faurisson, a professor of French literature at the University of Lyon, wrote two letters to Le Monde claiming that the gas chamber used by the Nazis to exterminate Jews did not exist.. A colleague of Faurisson, Jean-Claude Pressac, who originally shared Faurisson's views, later became convinced of the Holocaust's evidence while investigating documents at Auschwitz in 1979. He published his conclusions along with much of the underlying evidence in his 1989 book, Auschwitz: Gas room engineering and operation .
Henry Bienen, former president of Northwestern University, has described Arthur Butz's view of the Holocaust as "an embarrassment to Northwestern". In 2006, six Butz colleagues from the Department of Electrical Engineering and the Faculty of Computer Science signed a condemnation explaining Butz's rejection of the Holocaust as "an affront to humanity and our standards as scholars". The letter also asked Butz to "leave our Department and our University and stop trading on our reputation for academic excellence".
Institute for Historical Review
In 1978 Willis Carto founded the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), an organization dedicated to openly challenging the historically accepted Holocaust history. The IHR establishment was inspired by Austin App, a medieval English literature professor at La Salle and considered to be the first major denier holocaust in America. The IHR attempted from the outset to establish itself in the widespread tradition of historical revisionism by asking supporters for signs not originating from neo-Nazi backgrounds such as James J. Martin and Samuel Edward Konkin III, and by promoting the writings of French socialist Paul Rassinier and anti-historian - American war Harry Elmer Barnes, in an attempt to show that Holocaust denial has a support base outside the neo-Nazi. IHR republished most of Barnes's writings, which had not been printed since his death. While it includes articles on other topics and books sold by mainstream historians, the majority of the material published and distributed by the IHR is devoted to questioning the facts surrounding the Holocaust.
In 1980, the IHR promised a $ 50,000 prize to anyone who could prove that Jews were gassed at Auschwitz. Mel Mermelstein wrote letters to editors of the LA Times and others including The Jerusalem Post . The IHR rewrote, offering $ 50,000 for evidence that Jews were, in fact, gassed in gas chambers at Auschwitz. Mermelstein, in turn, filed a certified report about his detention at Auschwitz and how he witnessed Nazi guards delivering his mother and two sisters and the others to (as he learned later) gas chamber number five. Nevertheless, IHR refused to pay the prize. Represented by public interest lawyer William John Cox, Mermelstein then sued IHR in Los Angeles County Superior Court for breach of contract, anticipatory denial, defamation, adverse rejection of existing facts, intentional suffering of emotional distress, and declaration assistance ( see case number C 356 542). On October 9, 1981, the two sides in the Mermelstein case filed a motion for a summary ruling with the consideration of Judge Thomas T. Johnson of the Los Angeles County Superior Court taking "legal notice of the fact that Jews were killed by gas to death at Auschwitz. in Poland during the summer of 1944, "a court notice which means that the court treats gas chambers as general knowledge, and therefore does not require proof that gas chambers exist. On 5 August 1985, Judge Robert A. Wenke entered the court under the Stipulation for Entry of Decisions agreed upon by the parties on 22 July 1985. The ruling required the IHR and other defendants to pay $ 90,000 to Mermelstein and to issue a letter of apology to "Mr. Mel Mermelstein, a survivor of Auschwitz-Birkenau and Buchenwald, and all other Auschwitz victims "because of their" pain, suffering, and suffering ".
In the statement "About IHR" on their website, the IHR states, "IHR does not 'deny' the Holocaust.Indeed, such an IHR has no 'position' on any particular event...." Commentators and historians have noted the misleading nature of statements by IHR that they are not denying the Holocaust. Paul Rauber writes that:
The question [whether the IHR denies the Holocaust] appears to activate the Humpty-Dumpty IHR word game with the word Holocaust. According to Mark Weber, associate editor of the IHR Journal of Historical Review [now Director of IHR], "If by 'Holocaust' you mean political persecution of Jews, some murders are scattered, if what you mean is a cruel thing, some deny it, but if someone says that 'Holocaust' means the systematic extermination of the six to eight million Jews in the concentration camp, that's what we think there is no evidence for that. "That is, the IHR does not deny that the Holocaust happened; they simply deny that the word 'Holocaust' means what people usually use for it.
According to the British historian from Germany Richard J. Evans:
Bradley Smith and the Committee for Open Debates on the HolocaustLike many individual Holocaust denials, the Institute as a body denies that it is involved in Holocaust denial. It is called a 'smear' which is 'completely different from the fact' because 'revisionist scholars' such as Faurisson, Butz and bestselling British historian David Irving recognize that hundreds of thousands of Jews were killed and declared killed during the Second World War as a direct and indirect result from the harsh anti-Jewish policies of Germany and its allies'. But the concession that a small number of routinely killed Jews were used by Holocaust deniers to distract from the fact that is far more important than their refusal to recognize that the number reaches millions, and that most of these victims are systematically killed by gassing also by shooting.
In 1987, Bradley R. Smith, former media director of the Institute for Historical Review, founded the Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust (CODOH). In the United States, CODOH has repeatedly tried to place advertisements that question whether the Holocaust occurs, especially in the campus newspaper, which is not always rejected because a large number of colleges accept advertising because they feel they do not undermine the First Amendment.
Bradley Smith has been looking for other ways to promote the Holocaust denial - with little success. On September 8, 2009, the Harvard Crimson student newspaper published a paid ad from Bradley R Smith. Quickly criticized and an apology was removed from the editor, claiming it was a mistake. The college newspaper rejected Smith's ads from that point until his death in 2016, generally concluding that refusing to accept his paid advertisement did not constitute a violation of the First Amendment rights of Smith.
Smith refers to his tactics as a CODOH campus project. He said, "I do not want to spend time with adults anymore, I want to go to students, they are shallow, they are empty vessels to fill." "What I want to do is I want to suggest three or four ideas that students might be interested in, which might cause them to think things through or have questions about things, and I want to make it as simple as possible, and to organize it in a way that can not be true "Holocaust denial has put" Full page ads in college and university newspapers, including from Brandeis University, Boston College, Pennsylvania State University, and Queens College (part of CUNY).Some of these ads state that the Holocaust never happen without comment; others are produced by the work of professors and students. "
James Keegstra
In 1984, James Keegstra, a Canadian high school teacher, was indicted under the Canadian Criminal Code for "promoting hatred against an identifiable group by communicating anti-Semitic statements to his students". During class, he will portray the Jews as a very evil man who has "created the Holocaust for sympathy." He also tested his students in his theoretical exams and his opinions on Jews.
Keegstra is charged under s 281.2 (2) of the Criminal Code (now 319 (2), stating that "Anyone who, by communicating statements, other than in private conversations, intentionally promotes hatred against each identifiable groups "committing a criminal offense.He was sentenced in court before the Alberta Court of the Queen's Bench.The court rejected the argument, proposed by Keegstra and his lawyer, Doug Christie, that promoting hatred is a constitutionally protected freedom of expression pursuant to s 2 (b) The Canada Charter of Rights and Freedom Keegstra appealed to the Alberta High Court.The tribunal agreed with Keegstra, and he was released.The crown then appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada, ruled by a 4-3 Majority that promotes hate justified under article 1. The Charter The Supreme Court restored Keegstra's conviction. He was dismissed from his teaching position not long after.
Test ZÃÆ'¼ndel
Toronto-based photo retreat Ernst ZÃÆ'¼ndel operates a small media called Publisher Samisdat, which publishes and distributes Holocaust denial materials such as Is Six Million Dead Really? by Richard Harwood (pseudonym Richard VerrallÃ, a British neo-Nazi). In 1985, he was tried in R. v. Zundel and was sentenced under "false news" and was sentenced to 15 months in jail by an Ontario court for "disseminating and publishing material denying the Holocaust". The Holocaust historian, Raul Hilberg was a witness to the prosecution at the 1985 trial. Confidence ZÃÆ'¼ndel was canceled in an appeal on technical law, leading to a second trial in 1988, where he was again found guilty. The 1988 trial included, as a defense witness, Fred A. Leuchter, David Irving, and Robert Faurisson. The pseudo-scientific Leuchter report is presented as a defense document and published in Canada in 1988 by Publisher Samisdat Zundel, and in England in 1989 by Irving Focal Point Publisher. In both of his trials, ZÃÆ'¼ndel was defended by Douglas Christie and Barbara Kulaszka. His conviction was canceled in 1992 when the Supreme Court of Canada declared the "false news" law unconstitutional.
ZÃÆ'¼ndel has a web site, which the web is mastered by his wife Ingrid, who publishes his point of view. In January 2002, the Canadian Court of Human Rights issued a verdict in a complaint involving its website, known to violate Canadian Human Rights Act. The court ordered ZÃÆ'¼ndel to stop communicating hate messages. In February 2003, the American INS arrested him in Tennessee, USA, for immigration violations, and a few days later, ZÃÆ'¼ndel was sent back to Canada, where he sought refugee status. ZÃÆ'¼ndel remained in prison until March 1, 2005, when he was deported to Germany and charged for spreading hate propaganda. On February 15, 2007, ZÃÆ'¼ndel was found guilty of 14 counts of incitement under German law Volksverhetzung , which prohibited the incitement of hatred against some inhabitants, and imposed a maximum sentence of five years in prison.
Ernst Nolte
The German philosopher and historian Ernst Nolte, beginning in the 1980s, proposed a series of theories, which although not denying the Holocaust seemed to flirt with an Italian Holocaust denomination, Carlo Mattogno, as a serious historian. In a letter to the Israeli historian Otto Dov Kulka on December 8, 1986, Nolte criticized the work of French Holocaust repellent Robert Faurisson, on the grounds of the Holocaust actually taking place, but went on to argue that Faurisson's work was motivated by what Nolte claimed. is an amazing sympathy for the Palestinians and opposition to Israel. In his 1987 Der europÃÆ'¤ische BÃÆ'¼rgerkrieg ( The European Civil War ), Nolte claims that the intent of the Holocaust denial is "often honorable", and that some of their claims "do not obviously without foundation ". Nolte himself, though he never denied the occurrence of the Holocaust, claimed that the 1942 Wannsee Conference never took place, and that the conference's treatise was a post-war fraud perpetrated by "biased" Jewish historians designed to discredit Germany.
The English historian Ian Kershaw argues that Nolte operates on the border of the Holocaust denial by the implied claim that the "negative myth" of the Third Reich was created by a Jewish historian, his accusation of Holocaust scholarship dominance by the historian's "bias", and his assertion that one must withhold judgment on those who, people who reject the Holocaust, which Nolte strives to emphasize not just the German or the fascist. In Kershaw's opinion, Nolte is trying to imply that perhaps the Holocaust deniers are doing something.
In a 1990 interview, Nolte implied that there was something to Leuchter's report: "If the revisionists (Holocaust deniers) and Leuchter among them have made it clear to the public that even" Auschwitz "should be the object of scientific inquiry and controversy then they should be rewarded for even if it finally proves that the number of victims is even greater and the procedure is even more dire than it is assumed to date. "In his 1993
The British historian Richard J. Evans in his 1989 book In Hitler's Shadow expressed the view that Nolte's reputation as a scholar was in ruins as a result of this statement and other controversial statements on his part. The American historian Deborah Lipstadt in a 2003 interview stated:
Historians like Ernst Nolte from Germany, in some ways, are even more dangerous than those who belie. Nolte was the first-order anti-Semite, who tried to rehabilitate Hitler by saying that he was no worse than Stalin; but he was careful not to deny the Holocaust. Holocaust loners make Nolte's life more comfortable. They, with their radical argument, pull the center a little more to their side. As a result, a less radical extremist, like Nolte, finds himself closer to the middle ground, which makes him more dangerous.
The Mayer Controversy
In 1988, the American historian Arno J. Mayer published a book called Why Is The Sky Not Dark? , which does not explicitly deny the Holocaust, but according to Lucy Dawidowicz provides support for Holocaust denial by stating that most people who died at Auschwitz were victims of "natural causes" such as illness, not gas attack. Dawidowicz argues that Mayer's remarks on Auschwitz are "dazzling statements". The Holocaust historian Robert Jan van Pelt has written that Mayer's book is as close as the mainstream historian who ever came to support the Holocaust denial. Holocaust denials such as David Irving often cite Mayer's book as one of the reasons for receiving the Holocaust denial. Although Mayer has been frequently criticized for his remarks about the reasons for Auschwitz's death, his book does not deny the use of gas chambers at Auschwitz, as stated by Holocaust supporters.
Some mainstream Holocaust historians have called Mayer a denier. The Israeli historian Judah Bauer writes that Mayer "popularized the nonsense that Nazis saw in Marxism and Bolshevism of their main enemy, and the Jews unfortunately caught up in this: when he linked the destruction of the Jews to the rise and fall of the German war in the Soviet Union, a book so oddly self-possessed that it does not require the proper scientific tools, it really engages in a much more subtle form of Holocaust denial.
Defense Mayer argues that his statement that "The source for the study of gas chambers at once rare and unreliable" has been taken out of context, especially by the Holocaust denial. Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman observed that the paragraphs of the assertions made confirm that the SS destroyed most of the documentation relating to the operation of the gas chamber at the death camp, which is why Mayer felt that sources for the operation of the gas chamber were "scarce" and " reliable ". Ken McVay and alt.revisionism and alt.revisionism
Ken McVay, a Canadian American, was troubled by the efforts of organizations like the Simon Wiesenthal Center to suppress Holocaust deniers' speeches, feeling that it was better to face them openly than to try to censor them. In the Usenet newsgroup alt.revisionism he started a "truth, fact, and proof" campaign, working with other participants in the newsgroup to reveal factual information about the Holocaust and against the arguments of those who denied by proving them based on the evidence misleading, false statements, and lies. He founded the Nizkor Project to expose the activities of the Holocaust deniers, who responded to McVay with personal attacks, slander, and death threats. David Holving and the defamation case Lipstadt
David Irving and Liphof defamation case
The 1993 book Deborah Lipstadt Denies the Holocaust sharply criticizes Holocaust denials, including British author David Irving, for deliberately misinterpreting evidence to justify the conclusions they have set. In 1996 Irving filed a libel suit against Lipstadt and its publisher, Penguin Books. The American historian Christopher Browning, an expert defense witness, wrote a comprehensive essay for the courts that summarized the great evidence of Holocaust reality, and under cross-examination effectively against all of Irving's conflicting major arguments. The Cambridge historian Richard J. Evans, another defense expert, spent two years examining Irving's writings, confirming his faults, including evidence that he deliberately used false documents as source material. Judge, Judge Charles Gray, finally delivered a long and decisive verdict in favor of Lipstadt which refers to Irving as a "Holocaust denomination" and a "pro-Nazi right polemic."
Focus on Allied war crimes in the Holocaust denial literature
The focus on alleged alleged allies during the war has been a theme in the Holocaust denial literature, especially in countries where full denial of the Holocaust is illegal. According to historian Deborah Lipstadt, the concept of comparable "Allied wrongs", such as the expulsion of Germans after World War II and the Dresden bombings, is at the center, and the recurring theme of contemporary Holocaust denial; a phenomenon he calls "immoral equality". Pierre Vidal-Naquet shows the same phenomenon in the previous version of Les Assassins de la mà © moire with the title Auschwitz et le tiers monde ( Les Assassins de la mÃÆ' © moire , Paris, 2005, pp.Ã, 170-180), and accurate about the declaration of lawyer Klaus Barbie, Jacques VergÃÆ'¨s. In 1977, Martin Broszat, in David Irving's book review of Hitler's War, stated that the World War II drawing drawn by Irving was done in such a way as to imply moral equality between the actions of Poros and the Allies stating by both sides are equally guilty of a terrible crime, which causes "a fanatic, destructive desire to destroy" Hitler who is revealed to be "no longer a remarkable phenomenon".
Recent developments and trends
In February 1995, the Japanese magazine Marco Polo , published monthly 250,000 by Bungei Shunju, published the Holocaust denial article by doctor Masanori Nishioka who stated:
'Holocaust' is an engineering. There are no execution gas chambers in Auschwitz or in other concentration camps. Today, what is shown as a 'gas chamber' in the remains of the Auschwitz camp in Poland is a postwar fabrication by the Polish communist regime or by the Soviet Union, which controls the country. Not once, whether in Auschwitz or in any territory controlled by Germany during the Second World War, there was 'mass murder of Jews' in 'gas chamber.'
Los Angeles-based Simon Wiesenthal Center incites boycott against Bungei Shunju advertisers, including Volkswagen, Mitsubishi, and Cartier. Within days, Bungei Shunju closed Marco Polo and his editor, Kazuyoshi Hanada, stopped, as Bungei Shunju, Kengo Tanaka did.
In Turkey, in 1996, Islamic preacher Harun Yahya distributed thousands of copies of the book originally published the year before, titled Soyk? R Yalan? ("The Holocaust Lie") and sent unsolicited texts to American and European schools and colleges. Publications Soyk? R? M Yalan? sparked a lot of public debate. The book claims, "what is presented as a Holocaust is the death of some Jews because of plagues during the war and famine towards the end of the war caused by the defeat of the Germans." In March 1996, a Turkish painter and intellectual, Bedri Baykam, published strong criticism of the book in the Ankara daily newspaper Siyah-Beyaz ("Black and White"). The lawsuit for defamation is filed against him. During the trial in September, Baykam revealed the true author of the book as Adnan Oktar. The lawsuit was withdrawn in March 1997.
In France, the Holocaust refusal became more prominent in the 1990s as a nà © Å © gationnisme, though the movement has existed in ultra-left French politics since at least the 1960s, led by figures such as Pierre Guillaume (who was involved in La Vieille Taupe bookstore during the 1960s). More recently, the far right extreme in France has begun to build up its own negotiationist argument, which often stretches beyond the Holocaust to embrace various antisemitic views, combining efforts to tie the Holocaust to the slaughter of biblical Canaanite, Zionism and other material fanned the so-called "Judeo-phobia conspiracy" designed to legitimize and "block" antisemitism.
In Belgium in 2001, Roeland Raes, the ideologist and vice-president of one of the country's largest political parties, Vlaams Belang (formerly Vlaams Blok, Flemish Bloc), gave an interview on Dutch TV where he doubted the number of Jews killed by the Nazis during the Holocaust. In the same interview he questioned the scale of the use of the Nazi gas chamber and the authenticity of Anne Frank's diary. Responding to media attacks after the interview, Raes was forced to resign from his position but vowed to remain active inside the party. Three years later, Vlaams Block was convicted of racism and chose to disband. Immediately after that, it is legally reformed under the new name Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest) with the same leader and the same membership.
Holocaust Refusal in Middle East
The Holocaust refusal has been promoted by various Middle Eastern figures and media. Holocaust denials are sponsored by some Middle East governments, including Iran and Syria. Prominent figures from the Middle East rarely publish a visit to Auschwitz - the Israeli Arab community is the exception. In 2010, Hadash MK Mohammed Barakeh visited, after previous visits from two other Arab-Israeli parliamentarians, and a group of about 100 Arab-Israeli writers and clerics in 2003. Individuals from the Syrian government, the Palestinian Authority and a number of Palestinian groups are all involved in various aspects of the Holocaust denial. In 2006, Robert Satloff wrote in The Washington Post, reporting that "A well-respected Holocaust research institute recently reported that Egypt, Qatar and Saudi Arabia all promote the Holocaust denial and protect the Holocaust deniers. "
Hamas leaders have promoted Holocaust denials; Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi argued that the Holocaust never happened, that the Zionists were behind Nazi action, and that the Zionists funded Nazism. A press release by Hamas in April 2000 denounced "the so-called Holocaust, which is an allegedly created and baseless story". In August 2009, Hamas told UNRWA that it would "refuse" to allow Palestinian children to study the Holocaust, called "the lies created by Zionists" and refers to the Holocaust education as a "war crime". Hamas continued to hold this position in 2011, when the Organization's Refugee Ministry said that Holocaust education "is meant to poison the minds of our children."
Gamal Abdel Nasser, President of Egypt, told a German newspaper in 1964 that "no one, even the simplest, takes seriously the lies of six million murdered Jews [in the Holocaust]."
The thesis of a 1982 doctoral dissertation from Mahmoud Abbas, a founder of Fatah and president of the Palestinian National Authority, is the "Secret Relationship between the Nazis and the Leaders of the Zionist Movement". In his 1983 book The Secret Side Between Nazism and Zionism Based on the dissertation, Abbas denies that six million Jews have died in the Holocaust; regard it as a "myth" and a "fantastic lie". At best, he wrote, 890,000 Jews were killed by the Germans. Abbas claims that the number of deaths has been exaggerated for political purposes. "It seems that the interest of the Zionist movement, however, is to inflate these [Holocaust death rates] so that their profits will become greater, encouraging them to emphasize this figure [six million] to gain international solidarity, public opinion with Zionism. debate the six million mark and reach a stunning conclusion - fixing the Jewish death toll only a few hundred thousand. "In a March 2006 interview with Abbar, Abbas stated," I wrote in detail about the Holocaust and said I did not want to discuss I quote an argument between historians in which the various casualties are mentioned, some write there are 12 million victims and others write there are 800,000, I have no desire to argue with numbers, the Holocaust is a terrible and unforgivable crime against the Jews , a crime against humanity that is unacceptable to humans olocaust is a terrible thing and no one can claim I deny it. "While acknowledging the existence of the Holocaust in 2006 and 2014, Abbas defended the position that the Zionists collaborated with the Nazis to do so.In 2012, Abbas told Al-Mayadeen, a Beirut-affiliated Beirut-Hezbollah TV station that he" challenges anyone who can deny that the Zionist movement had a relationship with the Nazis before World War II ".
A survey conducted by Sammy Smooha of the University of Haifa found that Israeli Arabic factions deny that millions of Jews killed by the Nazis increased from 28% in 2006 to 40% in 2008. Smooha commented:
In the eyes of Arabs who do not believe in Shoah is not hatred against Jews (embedded in the rejection of Shoah in the West) but rather a form of protest. Arabs who do not believe in Shoah's event intend to express strong objections to the portrayal of the Jews as the last victims and to the Palestinians as victims. They rejected Israel's right to live as a Jewish state that Shoah gave legitimacy. The Arab infidelity at Shoah is part of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, unlike the ideological and anti-Semitic denials of the Holocaust and the desire to escape the guilt in the West.
Holocaust denial in Iran
Former Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has often denied the Holocaust, formally 'questioning' the reliability of historical evidence, although he on occasion asserted his belief. In a December 2005 speech, Ahmadinejad said that legends were created and have been promoted to protect Israel. He says:
They have fabricated a legend, under the name of the Massacre of the Jews, and they held it higher than the Lord himself, the religion itself and the prophets themselves.... If someone in their country questioned God, nobody said anything, but if someone deny the myth of the massacre of Jews, the Zionist loudspeakers and the government in the payment of Zionism will start to shout.
The statement soon provoked international controversy as well as rapid criticism from government officials in Israel, Europe, and the United States. The six political parties in the German parliament signed a joint resolution condemning the Holocaust denial. In contrast, Hamas political leader Khaled Mashaal described Ahmadinejad's comments as "brave" and stated, "Muslims will defend Iran because they voice what is in their hearts, especially the Palestinians." In the United States, the Muslim Public Affairs Council condemns Ahmadinejad's statement. In 2005, Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood leader Mohammed Mahdi Akef condemned what he called the "Holocaust myth" in defending Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's rejection of the Holocaust.
On December 11, 2006, the Iran-sponsored International Conference on Holocaust-sponsored "International Holocaust Conference" was opened for widespread condemnation The conference, called for by Ahmadinejad, was widely described as a "Holocaust denial conference" or " people who reject the Holocaust, "although Iran denies it as a Holocaust denial conference.Several months before it was opened, Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman Hamid Reza Asefi stated:" The Holocaust is not a sacred problem that can not be touched. I have visited Nazi camps in Eastern Europe. I think it's excessive. "
In 2013, in an interview with CNN, Iran's newly elected President Hassan Rouhani was quoted as condemning the Holocaust, stating, "I can tell you that any crimes committed in history against humanity, including Nazi crimes created against Jews as well as people non-Jewish, disgraceful and condemned.Whatever the crime they committed against the Jews, we condemn. "The Iranian media later accused CNN of fabricating Rouhani's comments.
In his official speech in Nowruz 2013, Supreme Leader of Iran Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei questioned the truth of the Holocaust, commenting that "the Holocaust is an event of uncertain reality and if it happens, it is uncertain how it happened." This is consistent with Khamenei's earlier comments on the Holocaust.
In 2015, the House of Cartoon and Sarcheshmeh Cultural Complex in Iran host the International Holocaust Cartoon Competition, a competition in which artists are encouraged to submit cartoons on the Holocaust denial theme. The winner of the contest will receive $ 12,000. Hamshahri , the popular Iranian newspaper, held a similar contest in 2006.
Media propaganda
According to James Najarian, Holocaust denialists who worked for the Institute for Historical Review were not trained in history and "extinguished fake scientific articles in the publication of an academic paper, the Journal of Historical Review." They called for "our objectivity, our fair play, and our distrust of figurative language". Thus, they rely on facts to attract the reader's attention. These facts, however, are assembled by what Najarian calls "false propriety" and reinterpreted for its use. For example, they pay particular attention to the inconsistency of numbers.
Holocaust denial propagation in all forms has been shown to affect the audience it achieves. In fact, even educated ones - that is, college and student graduates today are just as vulnerable to such propaganda when presented before them. This comes from the growing mistrust felt by the audience after being exposed to such information, especially since the Holocaust witnesses themselves declined in number. Studies centered on the psychological effects of Holocaust denial propaganda confirm this statement. Linda M. Yelland and William F. Stone, in particular, point out that Denai's essay degraded readers' trust in the Holocaust, despite their previous Holocaust consciousness.
Reaction to Holocaust denial
Reaction type
The academic response to Holocaust denials can be divided into three categories. Some academics refuse to involve Holocaust denialists or their arguments, arguing that doing so gives them unwarranted legitimacy. The second group of scholars, typed by American historian Deborah Lipstadt, has sought to raise awareness of the method and motivation of Holocaust denial without authorizing the deniers. "We do not need to waste time or effort to answer denominational denials," Lipstadt wrote. "It will never end.... Their commitment is their ideology and their 'findings' are set up to support it." The third group, marked by the Nizkor Project, responds to the arguments and claims made by the Holocaust denial group by pointing out the inaccuracies and errors in their evidence.
Even a scientific response, however, can trigger strong arguments. In 1996, the British Holocaust denomination David Irving brought a libel suit against Lipstadt and its publisher, derived from the Lipstadt Book Denying the Holocaust, in which he named Irving as "one of the more dangerous" Holocaust denials. , because he is a published author, and is regarded by some as a legitimate military historian. He was "familiar with historical evidence", he wrote, and "bend it to fit his ideological tendencies and political agenda." Irving, who appeared as a defense witness in the Ernst ZÃÆ'¼ndel trial in Canada, and once declared at the Holocaust demonstration that "more women who died in the back seat of Edward Kennedy's car than ever died in gas chambers at Auschwitz," stated that the Lipstadt allegations ruined his reputation. After a two-month trial in London, the court judge issued a 333-page decision on Irving.
In December 1991, the American Historical Association issued the following statement: The American Historical Association Council expressly regrets an openly reported effort to deny the Holocaust. There is no serious historian question that the Holocaust happened. This follows a strong reaction by many of its members and comments in the media against the almost unanimous decision made by the AHA in May 1991 that studied the significance of the Holocaust should be encouraged. The association's statement in May 1991 was in response to an incident in which some of its members had questioned the reality of the Holocaust. The December 1991 Declaration was a reversal of previous AHA attitudes that associations should not set precedents by certifying historical facts.
Public figures and scholars
A number of public figures and scholars have spoken out against the Holocaust denial, with some - like the literary theorist Jean Baudrillard - equating Holocaust denial to "part of the annihilation itself". The American Historical Association, the society and history of the oldest and largest historian in the United States, states that Holocaust denial is "the best, a form of academic deception". In 2006, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan said: "Remembering is a necessary rebuke to those who say the Holocaust has never happened or has been exaggerated." Holocaust denial is a fanatical work: we must reject their false claims whenever, wherever and by anyone they are made for. " Holocaust survivors and Nobel Prize winner Elie Wiesel, during a 1999 discussion at the White House in Washington DC, called the Holocaust "the most documented tragedy in recorded history, unprecedented tragedies that gave rise to so many witnesses from murderers, from victims and even from the observers - millions of pieces here in the museum you have, all the other museums, the archives in the thousands, in the millions. "
In January 2007, the United Nations General Assembly condemned "without any reservation of denial from the Holocaust", although Iran separated itself from the resolution. In July 2013, Iran's elected president Hassan Rohani described Ahmadinejad's statement about the Holocaust and Israel as "hate rhetoric" and in September 2013 Rohani declared that "the Nazis committed an irrefutable massacre, especially against the Jews" and "The Nazi Massacre damned, we never want to sit side by side with the Nazis... They commit crimes against the Jews - which is a crime against... all mankind. " While refusing to provide certain Jewish victims, Iranian analysts suggest that "Rouhani pushed the envelope as far as possible, without surprising supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and other conservatives back home.
Former member of SS
The criticism of the Holocaust denial also included the members of SS Auschwitz. Doctors and SS- UntersturmfÃÆ'¼hrer Hans MÃÆ'¼chch considered the facts of Auschwitz "with great confidence that people can not have any doubts at all", and describes those who negate what happened in the camp as "evil" "who have" a personal interest to want to bury in silence the things that can not be buried in silence ". Zyklon B handler and SS- OberscharfÃÆ'¼hrer Josef Klehr says that anyone who maintains that nothing is gassed at Auschwitz must be "crazy or wrong". SS- UnterscharfÃÆ'¼hrer Oswald Kaduk has stated that he does not consider those who keep such things as normal people. Hearing about the Holocaust denials forced former SSs RottenfÃÆ'¼hrer Oskar Gröning to speak publicly about what he witnessed at Auschwitz, and denounced the Holocaust denials, who declared:
I want you to trust me. I saw the gas chamber. I saw a crematorium. I saw an open fire. I'm on the road when the selection goes on. I want you to believe that this cruelty happened because I was there.
Holocaust denial and antisemitism
The Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crime against Humanity mende
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