Apophenia ( ) is a tendency to understand the relation and meaning between unrelated things. The confirmation bias is a variation of apophenia. The term (German: ApophÃÆ'¤nie ) was coined by psychiatrist Klaus Conrad in a 1958 publication in the early stages of schizophrenia. He defines it as "unmotivated vision [accompanied] by special feeling with abnormal meaning". He described the early stages of delusional thinking as a self-reference, an exaggerated interpretation of the actual sensory perception, as opposed to hallucinations.
Apophenia has come to imply a universal human tendency to look for patterns in random information, such as gambling.
Video Apophenia
Contoh
Pareidolia
Pareidolia is a type of apophenia involving perception of images or sounds in random stimuli.
A common example is the perception of the face in an inanimate object - the headlamps and the car's grill may seem like a "grin". People around the world see "Man in the Moon". People sometimes see the face of a religious figure in a piece of toast or on a piece of wood.
Pareidolia usually occurs as a result of the facial area of ​​the fusiform, which is part of the human brain responsible for viewing the face, mistakenly interpreting an object, form or configuration with some kind of being considered a "face-like" feature as a face.
Overfitting
In statistics and machine learning, apophenia is an example of what is known as overfitting. Overfitting occurs when the statistical model matches the noise rather than the signal. This model fits perfectly with specific data or observations rather than adjusting generalizable patterns in the general population.
Gambler error
Apophenia is well documented as a rationalization for gambling. Gamblers can imagine that they see patterns in numbers that appear in lotteries, card games, or roulette wheels. One of these variations is known as a "gambler error".
Hidden meanings
Forecasting fates and predictions is often based on patterns seen in what most people regard as meaningless coincidences. The Freudian slip concept is based on what was previously dismissed as a meaningless speech or memory error. Sigmund Freud believes that such "slips" have meaning for the unconscious mind (see The Interpretation of Dreams ).
Confirmation bias
Confirmation of bias is often seen as a direct influence of desires or beliefs. The tendency to seek or interpret information in a way that confirms a person's prejudice or hypothesis they want to convey. This can often cause people to see groups or patterns in the data sometimes inadvertently to prove their ideas.
Maps Apophenia
Related terms
Unlike the epiphany, apophany (ie, an instance of apophenia) does not provide insight into the nature of reality or its interconnection, but is "repetitive and monotonous process of experiencing abnormal meaning throughout the whole field of experience". The meaning is entirely self-referential, solipsistic, and paranoid - "being observed, spoken of, eavesdropping, followed by strangers". Thus the English term "apophenia" has a slightly different meaning from what Conrad defined when he coined the term "ApophÃÆ'¤nie".
Patternicity
"Agenticity"In (i) The Believing Brain (2011), Shermer writes that humans have a "tendency to instill patterns with meaning, intentions, and agency", which he calls "agenticity".
"Randomania"
In 2011, parapsychologist David Luke proposed that apophenia is one end of the spectrum and that the opposite behavior (linking to the possibility of what appears to be patterned or related data) should be called "randomania". He asserted that the precognition of the dream is real, and that randomania is the reason why some people ignore it.
Cluster illusion
The illusion of clustering is a type of cognitive bias in which one sees a pattern in sequence of numbers or random events. Many theories have been disputed as a result of this bias being put forward.
In 1985, a study of "hot hand fallacy" by Thomas Gilovich, Robert Vallon and Amos Tversky found that the idea of ​​basketball players who had "hot hands" (tend to shoot better in the lines) was wrong, their analysis was given " there is no evidence of a positive correlation between successive shots. "
Another case, during the early 2000s, involved the occurrence of breast cancer among female employees at ABC Studios in Queensland. A study found that the incidence of breast cancer in the studio was six times higher than the rate across Queensland. However, the examination found no correlation between increased incidents and any factors related to the site, genetic factors or lifestyles of employees.
Cause
Apophenia is often referred to as a mistake in perception. Although there is no definite reason why it happened, there are several respected theories.
Pattern recognition model
Pattern recognition is a cognitive process that involves retrieving information both from long-term, short-term or working memory and matching it with information from stimuli. However, there are three different ways in which this can happen and go wrong, producing apophenia.
Template matching
Stimulus compared to templates or copies in long-term memory. This framework is often stored as a result of previous learning or educational experience.
For example. D d D d are all known as letter D but no other letters.
This detection routine, when applied to more complex sets of data (such as, for example, painting or group data) can result in false templates being matched. False positive detection will result in apophenia.
Matched prototype
This is similar to template matching, except for the fact that exact matching is not required. An example is to look at an animal like a tiger and instead recognize that it is a tiger (template matching) knowing that it is a cat (prototype matching) based on known information about cat characteristics.
This type of pattern recognition can produce apophenia based on the fact that because the brain is not looking for the right fit, it can pick up some of the characteristics of the match and consider it suitable. This is more common with pareidolia than data collection.
Features analysis
The stimulus is broken down into its features and makes it possible to process information. This pattern recognition model comes from 4 stages: Detection, Dissection pattern, Comparison of features in memory & amp; finally Recognition.
Evolution
One of the explanations put forward by evolutionary psychologists for apophenia is that it is not a flaw in the cognition of the human brain but something that has happened for many years is needed. The study of this topic is called the theory of error management. One of the most accredited studies in this field is Skinner's box and superstition.
This experiment involves taking a hungry pigeon, placing it in a box and releasing pellet food at random times. Pigeons receive food pellets while performing several actions; So instead of connecting the arrival of the pellet with randomness, it repeats its action, and continues to do so until another pellet falls. When the pigeon increases how many times he performs his action, he gets the impression that he also increases the time "rewarded" with the pellets, even though his release is in fact still completely random.
Religion
In a 2012 study, researchers at the University of Helsinki tested 47 people to look at the possibility of pareidolia, and although the incident was small, those who claimed to be religious saw face in art shown to them 52% of the time, while People religion only see face 46% of the time. The same kind of differentiation exists between paranormal and skeptical believers with 51% and 48% respectively.
In the literature
- William Gibson Pattern Recognition
- Jorge Luis Borges Library Library of Babel
- Umberto Eco Foucault's Pendulum
- Stanislaw Lem's Voice of the Master
- Peter Watts Blindsight
- Vladimir Nabokov's "Signs and Symbols"
See also
References
Further reading
- Endslay, Mica R. (2004). Simon Banbury, SÃ © Å © bastien Tremblay, ed. Cognitive Approach to the Situation: Theory and Applications (1st ed.). USA: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0-7546-4198-8.
- Gibson, William (2003). Pattern of Recognition . New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-399-14986-3. OCLCÃ, 49894062.
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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